Constructing a Supranational Constitution: The Reception and Enforcement of European Community Law by National Courts

9412531石头这个项目试图描述和解释欧洲法律一体化的动态和机制，即欧洲共同体(欧共体)正在构建一个合法化和有效的超国家宪法的过程。这种法律融合为后殖民国家和新统一的领土等政权的民主宪政发展提供了一个模式。这种制度的一个标志是法律多元化，这对跨法律文化的法律融合、跨文化法律法规的执行以及新法律机构的合法化带来了严重的问题。这项研究将为理解欧洲共同体的这些过程和制定解释性理论模型提供经验基础。该项目将重点放在诉讼上，因为正是通过私人主张，批评原则才会演变并得到执行。已经有证据表明，欧洲法院所阐述的至高无上和直接效力原则正被各国法院用于诉讼。正是这一过程--通常由利益集团等私人行为者主导，而不是由公共当局主导--将在整个欧盟成员国实现法律一体化。在发生不遵守的情况下，裁决的执行确实依赖公共当局。因此，关键行为者包括私人诉讼当事人、国家法官和政府官员。数据将首先从国家法院关于欧共体法律的裁决中收集，在这些裁决中，宪政和直接效力的理论存在争议，并从有关它们的学术评论中收集数据。然后，国际刑事法院将约谈参与每个国家法院重要诉讼的法官和其他法律行为者。最后，PI将收集关于法律整合和宪政在三个关键领域的政策影响的数据：环境政策、货物自由流动和性别平等。数据收集将包括追踪涉及公共当局因违反这三个政策领域的欧共体规范而提出索赔的诉讼，并采访参与调查的政府官员、法官和利益集团诉讼当事人。***

9412531 STONE This project seeks to describe and explain the dynamics and mechanics of European legal integration, the process by which the European Community (EC) is constructing a legitimized and effective supranational constitution. This kind of legal integration provides a model for the development of democratic constitutionalism in regimes such as post-colonial states and newly unified territories. A hallmark of such regimes is legal pluralism, which poses serious problems related to the integration of laws across legal cultures, the enforcement of cross-cultural legal codes, and the legitimation of new legal institutions. This research will provide the empirical basis for understanding these processes in the European Community and for formulating explanatory theoretical models. The project focuses on litigation because it is through private claims that the critical doctrines will evolve and be enforced. There is already evidence that the doctrines of supremacy and direct effect, enunciated by the European Court of Justice, are being applied by the national courts in litigation. It is this process, often dominated by private actors such as interest groups rather than by public authorities, that will bring about legal integration across the members of the European Union. Enforcement of rulings, in the event of non-compliance, does rely on public authorities. Therefore, the key actors include private litigants, national judges, and governmental officials. Data will be collected first from the national court decisions on EC law in which the doctrines of constitutionalism and direct effect are at issue, and from scholarly commentaries pertaining to them. The PI will then interview judges and other legal actors involved in important litigation at each of the national courts. Finally, the PI will gather data on the policy impact of legal integration and constitutionalism in three crucial areas: environmental policy, free movement of goods, and gend er equality. The data collection will include tracing litigation involving claims against public authorities for violating EC norms in these three policy areas, and interviewing the participating governmental officials, judges and interest group litigants. ***