Global Distrubution of Diurnal Cycles and Long-term in Cloud Amounts from Surface Observations

题目：来自地面观测的全球日周期分布和云量的长期变化云对地球的辐射收支有很大的影响，包括短波和长波。这些影响对不同的云类型是不同的，净强迫通常从白天到晚上变化。对过去云如何变化的研究可能有助于澄清云与气候系统其他部分的相互作用，并推断云辐射强迫的变化。对于涉及云的全球变化研究，需要长期的全球覆盖记录，并且观测程序没有变化。从1952年左右开始的海洋船舶和1971年的陆地观测站对云的常规地面天气观测符合这些要求。建议建立数据库并对这些数据库进行分析，以确定过去40年来云类型及其日周期的变化。以前，陆地和海洋的地面天气观测已被用来产生一个全球气候学的总云量类型，涵盖1952-1981年海洋的30年期间和1971-1981年陆地的11年期间。这些结果发表在一系列的四个气候地图集中，这些地图集在气候研究中有许多用途。最近对分析程序进行了改进，建立了夜间观测的照度标准。根据是否有充足的月光或黄昏来筛选夜间观测，可以得到更精确的云量日循环。该照度标准将用于确定云型量的地理分布、日变化、年际变化和长期趋势。由于云辐射强迫一般在白天为负，而在夜间为正，因此将分别分析白天和夜间的趋势。这项研究包括创建一个由三个数据库组成的层次结构，用于分析1952年至1996年45年间的云的气候。(1)编辑的云报告档案(2)全球总云量和11种不同云类型的平均量和日周期分析，使用月光标准。(3)全球不同云型数量年际变化和多年代际趋势的地理分布分析（海洋为1954-1996年，陆地为1971-1996年）。这项工作很重要，因为云过程是气候变化中最重要的过程之一，关于云的长期数据对于提高对云过程的理解至关重要。该项目由美国国家科学基金会（ROCEW和Geosystem数据库）全球变化倡议和美国国家海洋和大气管理局全球项目办公室共同资助。

Abstract for ATM-9510170 Warren, Stephen, University of Washington Title: Global Distribution of Diurnal Cycles and Long-term Changes in Cloud Amounts from Surface Observations Clouds have large effects on the earth's radiation budget, both shortwave and longwave. These effects are different for different cloud types, and the net forcing usually changes sign from day to night. A study of how clouds have changed in the past may help to clarify the interactions of clouds with other parts of the climate system and to infer changes in cloud radiative forcing. For global-changes studies involving clouds, a long period of record with global coverage and with no change in observing procedures is necessary. Routine surface weather observations of clouds, beginning about 1952 from ships in the ocean and 1971 from land stations, meet these requirements. Creation of databases and analyses of those databases are proposed to determine the changes of cloud types and their diurnal cycles over the past 40 years. Surface weather observations from land and sea have previously been used to produce a global climatology of total cloud cover type amounts, covering the 30-year period 1952-1981 over the ocean and the 11-year period 1971-1981 over land. These results were published in a series of four climatic atlases, which have found numerous uses in climatic research. Recently an improvement to the analysis procedure has been developed establishing an illuminance criterion for nighttime observations. By screening nighttime observations based on the availability of sufficient moonlight or twilight more accurate diurnal cycles of cloud amounts can be obtained. This illuminance criterion will be used to determine the geographical distribution of cloud type amounts, their diurnal variations, interannual variations, and long-term trends. The trends will be analyzed separately for day and night, since cloud radiative forcing is generally negative in daytime but positive at night. The research consists of the creation of a hierarchy of three databases for climatic analyses of clouds, spanning the 45 years 1952-1996. (1) Edited Cloud Reports Archive (2) Global analysis of the average amounts and diurnal cycles of total cloud cover and eleven different cloud types, using the moonlight criterion. (3) Global analysis of the geographical distribution of interannual variations and multi-decadal trends in amounts of the different cloud types (1954-1996 for ocean; 1971-1996 for land). This work is important because cloud processes are among the most important in climate change and long-term data about clouds are essential to an improved understanding of cloud processes. This project is co-funded by NSF (ROCEW and Geosystem Databases) Global Change initiatives and NOAA's Office of Global Programs.