The Dynamics of Economic and Sociopolitical Structure in Late Prehistoric Hawai'i: An Emergent 'Archaic State'

在国家科学基金会的支持下，帕特里克·基尔希博士和他的同事将在位于夏威夷莫洛凯岛和毛伊岛的考古遗址进行一个季节的实地考察。在过去的研究中，这个团队和其他人已经找到了一些可以追溯到公元1200 - 1795年期间的房屋和仪式结构，这些将成为挖掘的重点。该小组将收集文化和生态事实数据，以：确定领土定居模式随时间的变化;重建定居和土地使用的年表;分析家庭单位内的建筑、食物资源和日用品变化;确定领土单位之间非本地石材资源的分布;审查支持经济的农业和海洋资源生产基础;了解仪式建筑如何随时间和空间而变化;并研究集约土地使用的环境影响。 多年来，人类学家一直将波利尼西亚作为一个独特的测试案例，以确定国家一级的社会是如何演变的。波利尼西亚群岛是由一个单一的文化群体在相对较短的时期内定居的，在接触的时候，他们证明了社会组织形式的复杂性差异很大。通过仔细控制比较，科学家们试图将它们放在一个发展序列中，并从环境角度解释所达到的不同阶段。在夏威夷达到了最高的复杂程度，人种学家认为，在史前时代晚期，国家一级的组织已经实现。Kirch博士希望研究这个过程。他正确地指出，只有考古学才能产生一步一步地追踪这一点的数据，而研究的目标就是恢复这些信息。 这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将使人们深入了解国家形成的过程，并为许多考古学家提供感兴趣的数据。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Patrick Kirch and his colleagues will conduct one season of fieldwork at archaeological sites located on the Hawaiian islands of Moloka'i and Maui. In past research this team and others have located a number of house compounds and ritual structures which date from the period between A.D. 1200 - 1795 and these will form the focus for excavation. The team will collect both cultural and ecofactual data to: determine variability in territorial settlement patterns over time; reconstruct the chronology of settlement and land use; analyze architectural, food resource and prestige-good variation within household units; determine the distribution of non-local stone resources between territorial units; examine the agricultural and marine resource production base which supported the economy; learn how ritual architecture changed over time and space; and study the environmental effects of intensive land use. For many years anthropologists have used Polynesia as a unique test case to determine how state level societies evolved. The Polynesian islands were settled by a single cultural group over a relatively short period and at the time of contact they evidenced forms of social organization which varied greatly in complexity. Through carefully controlled comparisons scientists have attempted to place them in a developmental sequence and to explain the different stages reached in environmental terms. The highest degree of complexity was reached in Hawaii and ethnographers believe that in late prehistoric times a state level of organization was achieved. Dr. Kirch wishes to examine this process. He correctly notes that only archaeology can produce the data which can trace this step by step, and the goal of the research is to recover such information. This research is important for several reasons. It will yield insight into the processes of state formation an will provide data of interest to many archaeologists.