Industrial Restructuring and Corporate Risk Management

自1980年以来，美国制造企业已经裁减了200多万工人。在1987年至1991年间，超过85%的财富1000强公司缩减了白领员工。美国制造业协会1996年的调查报告说，在截至1996年6月的12个月中，49%的美国大公司裁员。十年前，行业裁员者主要是那些因销售减少或业务萎缩而倒闭的公司。然而，最近，重组已经涉及成功的公司从事广泛的变革，以实现广泛的公司目标。公司现在寻求重组工作场所、劳动力和生产过程，以实现在经济不确定性更大、技术变革迅速和全球竞争激烈的时期所需的更大的灵活性和效率。但这种重组发生的同时，企业也在积极发展环境和风险管理项目。重组对企业环境项目和能力有什么影响？这些程序和能力是否与其他公司职能不成比例地受到影响？在裁员和外包的背景下，公司如何调整以满足环境和风险管理目标？它们取得了多大的成功？企业在环境和风险管理方面是否出现了新的弱点？本项目通过对企业进行的案例分析、对人口普查局经济研究中心的数据进行经济和统计分析、对纸浆和造纸行业的公司进行调查以及对选定的三家公司进行深入访谈和文献分析来分析这些问题。克拉克大学乔治·帕金斯·马什研究所（George Perkins Marsh Institute）组建了一支优秀的跨学科研究团队来进行这项研究，并由一个杰出的学术和行业代表团队提供建议。

Kasperson Industrial Restructuring and Corporate Risk Management Since 1980, U.S. manufacturing firms have cut more than two million workers. More than 85 percent of the Fortune 1000 firms downsized their white-collar work forces between 1987 and 1991. The 1996 survey of the American Manufacturing Association reported that in the twelve months ending in June 1996, 49 percent of major U.S. companies eliminated jobs. A decade ago, industry downsizers were chiefly failing companies who were responding to reductions in sales or shrinking business. More recently, however, restructuring has involved successful firms engaged in a wide array of changes to realize broad corporate ends. Corporations now seek to restructure the workplace, the workforce, and the production process to achieve the increased flexibility and efficiency required in a period of greater economic uncertainty, rapid technological change, and intense global competition. But this restructuring has occurred just as corporations have been actively developing environmental and risk-management programs. What have been the effects of restructuring on corporate environmental programs and capabilities? Have such programs and capabilities been disproportionally affected vi-a-vis other corporate functions? How have corporations adjusted to meet environmental and risk-management goals in a context of downsizing and outsourcing? How successful have they been and are new corporate vulnerabilities in environmental and risk management surfacing? This project analyzes these issues through an analysis of case studies have been conducted on corporations, am economic and statistical analysis of data from the Census Bureau's Center for Economic Studies, a survey of firms in the pulp and paper industry, and in-depth interviewing and document analysis at three selected firms. An outstanding interdisciplinary team of researchers at Clark University's George Perkins Marsh Institute has been assembled to conduct the research, advised by a distinguished team of academic and industry representatives.