Collaborative Research: Solar Radiation Processes in the East Antarctic Sea Ice Zone

这个项目是一个为期三年的研究项目，研究在春末夏初，南极海冰和大气之间的界面，太阳能发生了什么变化，特别是能量是如何在海洋、冰和最低的空气层之间分配的。它将与澳大利亚南极计划合作进行，并在澳大利亚“南极光号”上进行实地工作。季节性南极海冰的高反射率减少了地表的太阳能输入，而冰的低导热率减少了海洋向大气的热量损失，显著影响了南大洋的气候。由于初夏海冰的衰减，反射率降低，融化过程加快。需要有关这些过程如何工作的信息，以便发展适当和现实的海冰模式，并将这些模式纳入环流和气候变化模式。本文将研究三个主题：冰雪覆盖的分布和类型及其在太阳光谱中的反射率，云层对入射太阳辐射的影响，以及冰雪中有机物质的分布和吸收特性。校准过的向下和向上反射的辐照度观测将用于推断地表的辐射平衡，并将用于模拟南极海冰区的地表能量强迫。测定冰内岩心样品中主要有机吸收剂的浓度和分布，并研究其对可见光和紫外波段能量透射率的影响。藻类层经常在南极海冰中被发现，并被认为是引发南大洋季节性浮游生物大量繁殖的可能机制。

This project is a three-year study of what happens to solar energy at the interface between the antarctic sea ice and the atmosphere in late Spring and early Summer, specifically how the energy is apportioned among the ocean, the ice, and the lowest air layers. It will be carried out in cooperation with the Australian Antarctic Program, with field work on board the Australian ship Aurora Australis. The very high reflectivity of the seasonal antarctic sea ice cover reduces the input of solar energy at the surface, and the low thermal conductivity of the ice reduces the loss of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, significantly affecting the climate of the Southern Ocean. As the sea ice decays in early summer the reflectivity is reduced and melting process is accelerated. Information about how these processes work is needed in order to develop appropriate and realistic sea ice models, and to integrate these into general circulation and climate change models. Three topics will be investigated: the distribution and types of snow and ice cover and their reflectance in the solar spectrum, the effect of clouds in transmitting incident solar radiation, and the distribution and absorption properties of organic material within the snow and ice. Calibrated downward and reflected upward irradiance observations will be used to infer the radiation balance at the surface and will be used to model the surface energy forcing for the antarctic sea ice region. The concentration and distribution of major organic absorbers will be determined from core samples within the ice, and their effect on the transmittance of energy within the visible and ultraviolet bands will be studied. Algal layers are frequently found within the antarctic sea ice, and have been proposed as a likely mechanism for initiating seasonal plankton blooms in the Southern Ocean.