Molecular Evolution in the Yanomama

这是一项深入研究南美洲原住民（委内瑞拉和巴西的雅诺马马人）的分子遗传变异。虽然在美洲原住民（包括雅诺马马人）中进行了大量使用经典血型和蛋白质标记的研究，但很少有研究使用现代高分辨率分子遗传标记（如母系遗传的线粒体DNA（mtDNA），父系遗传的Y染色体DNA和双亲遗传的短串联重复多态性（STR））。几十项不同规模的研究分析了美洲原住民的线粒体DNA或Y染色体变异，所有这些研究都涉及研究不到100个个体，通常每个群体不到20个个体。这将是第一个高分辨率，多位点研究的一个单一的美洲原住民人口。 研究人员从委内瑞拉和巴西的52个村庄收集了3000多个雅诺马马人的样本。这代表了所有活着的雅诺马马人的1/4到1/5，以及所有已知的雅诺马马村庄的1/3的实际DNA样本。通过广泛的系谱分析，他们还将知道样本中另外3- 5000个个体亲属的mtDNA和Y染色体类型，使总样本达到6- 8000个个体。 他们将分析52个村庄之间以及雅诺马马人和周围土著人口之间的共享和排他性变异模式。他们对基因流动和迁移的男性和女性特异性估计特别感兴趣（使用母亲mtDNA标记，父亲Y标记和双亲STR标记）。 如果进化是人口遗传学的“放大版”，那么这项研究应该提供一个详细的研究，在一个大的，细分的人口微进化结构，这些数据可能有重要的意义，为人类进化的更大的模型和新世界的人口模型。

This is an in-depth study of molecular genetic variation in a large population of Native South Americans (the Yanomama of Venezuela and Brazil). While numerous studies have been conducted using classical blood group and protein markers in Native Americans, including the Yanomama, very few studies have been done using modern high-resolution molecular genetic markers (like the maternally inherited mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA), the paternally inherited Y chromosome DNA, and biparentally inherited short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRs). Several dozen studies of varying sizes have analyzed mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome variation in Native Americans, all of which involve studying less the 100, and often less than 20 individuals per population. This will be the first high resolution, multi-locus study of a single Native American population. The researchers have samples from more than 3000 Yanomama from Venezuela and Brazil, from 52 villages. This represents actual DNA samples of 1/4 to 1/5 of all the living Yanomama, and 1/3 of all the known Yanomama villages. Through extensive pedigree analysis, they also will know the mtDNA and Y chromosome types for another 3-5,000 relatives of the individuals in the sample, bringing the total sample up to 6-8,000 individuals. They will analyze patterns of shared and exclusive variation among the 52 villages, as well as between the Yanomama and surrounding native populations. They are particularly interested in male and female-specific estimates of gene flow and migration (using the maternal mtDNA markers, the paternal Y markers, and the biparental STR markers). If evolution is population genetics "writ large", then this study should provide a detailed study of microevolutionary structure in a large, sub-divided population, and this data may have important implications for larger models of human evolution and for models of the peopling of the New World.