Collaborative Research: WinDSSOcK: Winter Distribution and Success of Southern Ocean Krill

该项目通过发展南极冬季冰雪覆盖的演变、生物栖息地的变异性和海洋生态过程的季节性进展之间的关系，对理解生物和物理动力学的相互作用作出了协调的贡献。这项工作将在全球海洋生态系统动力学研究（Globec）的南大洋实验的背景下进行，这是一项大型的多研究员研究南极半岛西侧玛格丽特湾附近南极海冰下磷虾冬季生存策略的研究。这个项目有两个方面：区域水文特征，以及发展一个层次模型来组织和整合物理和生物观测。玛格丽特湾大陆架上的水团由流入的上环极深水组成，相对温暖、咸、缺氧、营养丰富。在冬季，大气作用使这些水变冷变新鲜，并补充氧气，产生南极地表水，这些水向海洋扩散，并支持海冰覆盖和以磷虾为基础的丰富食物网。该项目将通过重复的区域温度、盐度、营养物质和氧气调查来确定这些水体，并辅以系泊流计和温度阵列，以及通过声学调查来观察上层洋流结构。建模工作将提供一种机制，将水柱和海冰过程与磷虾及其捕食者的生物学联系起来。它将进一步帮助将这些冬季观测与在全球计划的国际背景下在夏季和南极周围其他地方进行的类似观测联系起来。将使用三种主要类型的模型来安排各种观测：(1)时间相关的生物学模型-例如物种相互作用模型；(2)物理和生物特征的深度时间模式，如雪、冰和水的浊度对光分布的影响；(3)综合大陆架上的物理和生物模式的三维和时间依赖模式。具体目标是开发一个全面的生态系统，以测试我们对该系统的理解，确定其敏感性，并为整合南大洋全球观测提供一个组织机制。＊＊＊

This project is a contribution to a coordinated attempt to understand the interactions of biological and physical dynamics by developing relationships among the evolution of the antarctic winter ice and snow cover, biological habitat variability, and the seasonal progression of marine ecological processes. The work will be carried out in the context of the Southern Ocean Experiment of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Study (Globec), a large, multi-investigator study of the winter survival strategy of krill under the antarctic sea ice in the vicinity of Marguerite Bay on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula.There are two aspects to this project: the characterization of the regional hydrography, and the development of a hierarchy of models to organize and integrate the physical and biological observations.The water masses on the continental shelf off Marguerite Bay consist of inflowing Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, which is relatively warm, salty, oxygen-poor, and nutrient-rich. In winter atmospheric processes cool and freshen this water, and recharge it with oxygen to produce Antarctic Surface Water which is diffused seaward, and supports both a sea ice cover and a productive krill-based food web. This project will define these water masses with repeated regional temperature, salinity, nutrients, and oxygen surveys, supplemented by a moored current meter and temperature array, and by acoustic surveys to observe the upper ocean current structure.The modeling effort will provide a mechanism to link water column and sea ice processes with the biology of krill and its predators. It will further help to link these winter observations to similar observations made in summer and elsewhere around Antarctic in the international context of the Globec program. Three major types of models will be used to order the various observations: (1) time-dependent biological models - e.g. species interaction models; (2) depth-time models of both physical and biological characteristics - e.g. effect of snow, ice, and water turbidity on the distribution of light, and (3) three-dimensional and time-dependent models synthesizing physical and biological models over the continental shelf. The specific objective is to develop a comprehensive ecosystem in order to test our understanding of the system, determine its sensitivities, and to provide an organizing mechanism for integrating the Southern Ocean Globec observations. ***