Society and Settlement in a Territorial State: Survey and Excavations at the Outer Town of Ayanis, Turkey

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，伊丽莎白·斯通博士和她的同事将在位于土耳其东部莱克万海岸的阿亚尼斯乌拉提亚堡垒周围的定居点进行考古研究。仅在公元前650年左右被占领了一代人。这个城市至少占地80公顷。先前对城堡的工作已经揭示了广泛的防御工事，大规模的存储设施和柱状大厅/寺庙建筑群，与其他乌拉提亚中心的管理精英有关。阿亚尼斯是目前唯一的乌拉提亚遗址，它提供了一个调查被统治者和统治者的机会，并通过绘图，铲测试调查，磁力测量和选定的挖掘对外城进行了调查，始于1997年。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，斯通博士的团队将扩展和完善他们对堡垒居民和外城居民之间关系的研究。铲式测试将确定沉降的极限，扩展磁场梯度测量将揭示大部分地下建筑模式。挖掘将在外城的区域进行，在磁力计中显示出不同的图案。分析将主要集中在高地位的材料，如红色抛光陶瓷和青铜器，这可能表明中央政府与更大的人口之间的相互作用，以及经济重建。具体方法包括：陶瓷岩石学；对陶瓷进行射线照相，以确定它们是轮制的还是手工制作的；用中子活化法测定陶瓷和青铜的化学成分动物遗骸分析；了解分析;微形分析;国内器物组合的统计与空间分析利用地理信息系统检查活动的空间分布。该项目的目标是确定现代城市规划者使用的原则是否可以修改，以帮助识别古代城市和国家的关键组织差异。城市框架内人员和机构的可变分布可以理解为反映了古代社会结构的根本差异，即等级组织的领土国家和层次组织的城市国家之间的差异，但迄今为止，对不同古代国家的城市组织进行的研究太少，无法确定这一点。该项目产生的数据将明确一个城市中心在一个典型的领土状态的组织。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将为许多研究城市规划及其与社会组织关系的考古学家和城市主义学生提供感兴趣的数据，并为高度集中的国家的物质印记提供范例。它将促进土耳其与美国的学术合作，其结果应该有助于理解早期复杂的社会，这些社会要么没有文化，要么文字尚未被破译。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Elizabeth Stone and hercolleagues will conduct archaeological research in the settlement areasurrounding the Urartian fortress of Ayanis, located on the shore of LakeVan in Eastern Turkey. Occupied for only a single generation around 650B.C., this city covers at least 80 ha. Prior work on the citadel hasrevealed extensive fortifications, large scale storage facilities and apillared hall/temple complex, of the kind associated with theadministrative elite at other Urartian centers. Ayanis is the onlyUrartian site that currently offers an opportunity to investigate thegoverned as well as the rulers, and an investigation of the outer town,through mapping, shovel test survey, magnetometry and selected excavation,commenced in 1997. With NSF support Dr. Stone's team will extend andrefine its study of the relationship between the denizens of the fortressand those of the outer town. Shovel testing will define the limits of thesettlement and extended magnetic field gradient survey will revealsubsurface architectural patterning over a substantial portion.Excavations will be conducted in areas within the outer town that exhibitdifferential patterning in the magnetometry. Analysis will focus primarilyon high status materials such as red polished ceramics and bronzes that mayindicate interactions between the central government and the largerpopulation, and on economic reconstruction. Specific methods to beemployed include: ceramic petrography; radography of ceramics to determinewhether they were wheel-made or hand-made; neutron activation analyses ofceramics and bronzes to determine chemical composition; analysis of faunalremains; phytolith analysis; micromorphological analysis; statistical andspatial analyses of domestic artifact assemblages; the use of GIS toexamine the spatial distribution of activities.The goal of this project is to determine whether the principles used bymodern city planners can be modified to help identify key organizationaldistinctions in ancient cities and states. The variable distribution ofpeople and institutions within the urban framework may be understood toreflect fundamental differences in the structure of ancient societies,between hierarchically organized territorial states and moreheterarchically organized city states, but as yet too little work has beenconducted on urban organization in different archaic states to be certainof this. The data generated by this project will make clear theorganization of an urban center in an archetypical territorial state. Thisresearch is important for several reasons. It will provide data ofinterest to many archaeologists and students of urbanism on urban planningand its relationship to social organizationm, and a paradigm of thematerial imprint of a state that is known to be highly centralized. Itwill foster Turkish-American academic cooperation, and its results shouldhelp in the understanding of early complex societies that were either notliterate, or whose writing has yet to be deciphered.