POWRE: Social Power and Implicit Cognition

在社会角色中，他们控制着别人发生的事情的人相对强大，而在社会角色中，发生在他们身上的事情取决于他人控制的人相对无能为力。因此，权力角色通常由控制结果和意外情况的性质来界定，这些结果和意外情况归因于社会关系中的不同伙伴。值得注意的是，某些社会群体的成员(如妇女、少数族裔)在社会权力的较高阶层中的代表性仍然不足。不同社会群体之间的权力分配不平等现象依然存在，尽管对这些群体的平等主义态度日益高涨，劳动力中合格妇女和少数族裔的人数也在不断增加。鉴于最近有证据表明，有权势的人在形成对下属的印象时，有动机(可能是无意识地)保持刻板印象，自动刻板印象可能在一定程度上解释了这些有偏见的结果。不管明确的平等主义，掌权者可能既不知道也不能控制自动刻板印象对他们对下属的看法的影响。因此，那些掌握权力的人可能无意中创造了维持社会团体之间权力关系现状的“玻璃天花板”。这项研究将使用新开发的实验方法来检验权力和刻板印象自动化之间可能存在的联系。参与者将参与实验程序，以防止他们有意使用刻板印象或对其进行控制。实验有三个具体目的：(1)测试情境权力是否会自动激活群体对下属的刻板印象；(2)测试个人对权力角色的偏好是否会缓和这些影响；(3)确定刻板印象激活如何影响权力持有者对下属的态度。这些实验背后的假设是，权力会增加刻板印象的激活，并促进对符合群体刻板印象的下属的偏好。这一POWRE奖项将支持这位研究员在耶鲁大学担任18个月的访问研究员职位。在此期间，她将从事各种研究和专业发展活动。除了设计一条新的研究路线外，她还将接受内隐认知方法论所必需的计算机技术的培训，并将准备一篇理论论文，将社会权力和印象形成方面的文献与内隐认知方面的文献结合起来。这些活动将有助于加强她目前的研究计划和方法技能，同时提高她在该领域内学者中的知名度。

People who occupy social roles in which they control what happens to others are relatively powerful, whereas people occupying social roles in which what happens to them is contingent on others' control are relatively powerless. Thus, power roles are often defined by the nature of the control of outcomes and contingencies that are ascribed to different partners in a social relationship. Notably, members of certain social groups (e.g., women, ethnic minorities) remain underrepresented in the higher echelons of social power. This inequality in the distribution of power among various social groups persists despite both increasingly egalitarian attitudes toward these groups and increasing numbers of qualified women and ethnic minorities in the workforce. Given recent evidence that powerful individuals are motivated (perhaps unconsciously) to maintain stereotypes when forming impressions of subordinates, it is possible that automatic stereotyping may account, in part, for these biased outcomes. Regardless of explicit egalitarianism, powerholders may neither be aware of nor be able to control the influence of automatic stereotyping on their perceptions of subordinates. Consequently, those holding power may inadvertently be creating the "glass ceilings" that maintain the status quo in power relations between social groups. This research will employ newly- developed experimental methodologies to examine the possible link between power and stereotype automaticity. Participants will engage in experimental procedures that preclude their intentional use of stereotyping or control over it. The experiments have three specific aims: (1) to test whether situational power automatically activates group stereotypes about subordinates; (2) to test whether individual preferences for power roles moderate these effects; and (3) to determine how stereotype activation influences powerholders' attitudes toward subordinates. The hypothesis underlying the experiments is that power will increase stereotype activation and promote preferences for subordinates who fit group stereotypes. This POWRE award will support the investigator in an 18-month Visiting Researcher position at Yale University. During this time, she will engage in a variety of research and professional development activities. In addition to devising a new line of research, she will receive training in computer technologies essential to implicit cognition methodologies and will prepare a theoretical paper integrating the literatures on social power and impression formation with literature on implicit cognition. These activities will serve to strengthen her current research program and methodological skills while increasing her visibility among scholars within the field.