Development of Instrumentation for Characterization of Ice and Water Clouds

将设计和建造新的仪器来测量大气云中的液态水和冰含量，以及冰粒的形状和密度。这些仪器将部署在地面和飞机上，从飞机结冰、辐射传输、降水和雷暴过程的角度来描述云的特征。重点介绍了冰晶和液滴共存的混合相云的特征。根据收集器的配置，云探测器可以收集冰和水，也可以单独收集冰。沉淀探测器在一个面向前方的蓝宝石窗口的停滞点收集粒子，并将它们的图像记录在摄像机上。这两种仪器的工作原理都是在保持恒定温度的表面上收集粒子。保持温度稳定所需的功率与收集材料的汽化潜热成正比，因此与单位体积空气中的颗粒质量成正比。这些仪器将用于研究云的混合相区域的化学、辐射和电过程。

New instruments will be designed and constructed to measure the liquid water and the ice content of atmospheric clouds together with the shape and density of ice particles. The instruments will be deployed in the field both at the earth's surface and in aircraft to characterize clouds from the standpoints of aircraft icing, radiative transfer, and precipitation and thunderstorm processes. Emphasis is on the characterization of mixed-phase clouds, in which ice crystals and liquid drops coexist. The cloud probe collects either ice and water or ice alone, depending on the configuration of the collector. The precipitation probe collects particles at the stagnation point of a forward-facing sapphire window and records their images on a video camera. Both instruments work on the principle of particle collection on a surface maintained at constant temperature. The power required to hold the temperature steady is proportional to the latent heat of vaporization of the collected material, and hence the particle mass per unit volume of air. These instruments will be applied to investigations of chemical, radiative, and electrical processes in the little-studied mixed-phase regions of clouds.