The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems

选举制度的比较研究（CSES）成立于1994年，是在五十多个巩固和新兴民主国家进行的国家选举研究之间的跨国研究合作计划。 这个独特的研究计划的目标有三个方面：阐明选举机构如何约束公民的信仰和行为，以调节通过普选表达的民主选择的性质和质量;了解政治和社会分裂和结盟的性质;并阐明公民如何生活在不同的政治安排下，评估民主制度和进程。 通过协调收集各政治体的选举数据，CSES致力于以一种不可能通过对现有数据的二次分析的方式，推进对选举行为的持久和根本性辩论的理解。 来自世界各地的社会科学家进行了合作，以具体确定研究议程、研究设计、土著研究人员小组在每项政策范围内收集的微观和宏观数据，以及用于数据收集和管理的标准和程序。 这些数据包括一个共同的问题模块，放在每个附属国家的全国选举调查中;一套关于选举制度、政党、候选人和相关事项的性质的共同宏观指标;以及一个文件档案，如选举章程和政党纲领和宣言，这些文件可以为研究人员使用的数据库提供信息或成为其一部分。

The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) was founded in 1994 and is a collaborative program of cross-national research among national election studies conducted in over fifty consolidated and emerging democracies. The goals of this unique program of research are three fold: illuminate how electoral institutions constrain the beliefs and behaviors of citizens to condition the nature and quality of democratic choice as expressed through popular elections; understand the nature of political and social cleavages and alignments; and shed light on how citizens, living under diverse political arrangements, evaluate democratic institutions and processes. By coordinating the collection of electoral data across polities, CSES strives to advance the understanding of enduring and fundamental debates about electoral behavior in a way not possible through the secondary analysis of existing data. Social scientists from around the world have collaborated to specify the research agenda, the study design, the micro- and macro-level data that indigenous teams of researchers collect within each policy, and the standards and procedures that are used for data collection and management. The data include a common module of questions placed on the national election survey of each affiliate country; a common set of macro-level indicators regarding the nature of the electoral system, parties, candidates, and related matters; and an archive of documents, such as electoral statutes and party platforms and manifestos, that can inform or become part of the data base that researchers use.