KDI: Economic, Legal, and Technical Dimensions of Rights Management

各种历史悠久、非常稳定的法律的和商业机构支持并维持了知识的创造和传播。 数字技术的最新进展为更广泛和更深入地获取知识创造了潜力，但同时也给这些长期存在的机构带来了重大挑战。 迄今为止，将版权法和传统商业惯例适用于新兴数字环境的努力并不特别成功，人们提出了许多替代办法。 其中一种方法是权限管理技术。 虽然版权管理技术迄今主要用于娱乐产品，但同类技术可用于管理科学研究或教育材料的传播。 该项目调查了版权管理技术引起的一些知识产权、隐私和安全问题。 它对当前和以前管理权利的尝试进行案例研究。例如20世纪80年代的拷贝保护软件，数字音频磁带中的拷贝管理，以及娱乐行业中使用的各种当前系统。 该项目研究了技术和现行法律所施加的限制，其中必然涉及对内容所有者和消费者将如何应对版权管理技术所提供的新可能性进行经济分析。 在技术方面，该项目研究分布式权限管理系统的理论，以了解这种系统的可能性和不可能性。 该项目决定了追求利润的业主将选择指定的条款和条件。过于宽松的条款和条件会使内容对用户更有价值，但也会减少销售，这两种影响之间的权衡有待分析。知识产权法的根本问题是为生产和传播有价值的内容提供适当的激励。过于自由的知识产权法有可能导致内容创作激励不足的问题;过于保守的法律有可能导致内容传播不足的问题。一个最优的政策平衡了这两个影响。在专利法中，对激励效应进行了大量的经济分析，但在版权法中，这类工作却很少。 该项目建立了一个数字模型之间的权衡激励创建和分发内容，适合效益成本分析。这个模型结合了以前在文献中提到的几种效果，将有助于评估新形式的知识产权的建议。 侵权法的基本原则之一是，如果发生事故，最有能力减少事故风险的一方应承担大部分责任;这一原则也适用于计算机安全。然而，安全事故的性质不同于标准侵权行为，并产生了一些新的影响。

A variety of long-standing and remarkably stable legal and business institutions have supported and sustained the creation and dissemination of knowledge. Recent advances in digital technology have created the potential for much broader and deeper access to knowledge but, at the same time, raised significant challenges for these long-standing institutions. So far, efforts to apply the law of copyright and traditional business practices to the emerging digital environment have not been particularly successful, and there have been many proposals for alternative approaches. One such approach is rights management technology. While rights management technologies have so far mainly been deployed in entertainment products, the same sorts of technology may be used to manage the dissemination of scientific research or educational materials. This project investigates some of the intellectual property, privacy and security issues raised by rights management technologies. It conducts case studies of current and previous attempts to manage rights. Examples are copy protected software in the 1980s, copy management in Digital Audio Tape, and various current systems used in the entertainment industry. The project studies the limits imposed by technology and existing law, which inherently involves economic analysis about how owners and consumers of content will respond to the new possibilities offered by the rights management technology. On the technical side, the project investigates the theory of distributed rights management systems in order to understand what is possible and not possible for such systems. The project determines the terms and conditions that profit-seeking owners will choose to specify. Specifying liberal terms and conditions will make the content more valuable to users, but also will reduce sales, and the tradeoff between these two effects is subject to analysis.The fundamental problem in intellectual property law is to provide appropriate incentives to produce and disseminate valuable content. Intellectual property law that is too liberal risks the problem of inadequate incentives to create content; law that is too conservative risks the problem of inadequate dissemination of content. An optimal policy balances out these two effects. There has been substantial economic analysis of incentive effects in patent law, but very little of such work in copyright law. The project builds a numeric model of the tradeoff between the incentives to create and to distribute content that is suitable for benefit-cost analysis. This model incorporates several effects previously noted in the literature and will be useful for evaluation of proposals for new forms of intellectual property.Liability problems that arise in computer security are examined. One of the basic principles of tort law is that the party best able to reduce risk of an accident should bear most of the liability should the accident occur; this same principle can be applied to computer security. However, the nature of security accidents is different from standard torts, and several new effects arise.