Measurement and Modeling of Local Scale Energy and Mass Exchanges in Urban Environments

城市化引起的地表和大气变化导致了不同城市气候的发展，这最终是由于城市与其先前存在的景观在热量、质量和动量方面的预算不同。这项研究通过测量和简单的模拟，将加强目前对城市地表-大气交换及其在地方或邻域尺度上的空间变异性的理解。这项工作将分两个相互关联的部分进行。首先，将建立一个多城市水文气象数据库，其中包括地表能量平衡通量、标准气象变量和地表覆盖(材料和地形)的详细空间信息。这将通过整合已发表和未发表的先前研究的结果，并在精心选择的三个地点(美国巴尔的摩、波兰罗兹和法国马赛)进行新的长期通量测量来实现。其次，将开发和评估用于模拟城市地区每个地表能量平衡通量的简单的参数化方案。其目的是开发一个具有广泛实用性的方案，因此它将以常规收集的气象数据和简单的地面参数为基础。单个通量的方案将被单独评估，然后整合到一个名为本地尺度城市气象参数化方案(LUMPS)的模式中。汇编和测量的新数据将用于独立评估肿块。城市地区代表着世界人口的很大比例和不断增加的比例，以及自然资源的不成比例的使用。这项研究收集的数据将加强目前对城市气候产生及其空间变异性所涉及的基本物理过程的理解。根据这项研究开发的综合模式(LUMPS)将能够模拟城市内部和城市之间能量平衡通量的空间变异性。考虑到容易获得的数据输入(标准气象数据和地表特征)，它有望成为对了解、预测和缓解城市气候感兴趣的广大科学家的实用工具。

Land surface and atmospheric alteration by urbanization leads to the development of distinct urban climates, which ultimately due to differences in the budgets of heat, mass, and momentum between the city and its pre-existing landscape. This study, through measurements and simple modeling, will enhance current understanding of surface - atmosphere exchanges in cities and their spatial variability at the local or neighborhood scale. This work will be conducted in two inter-related parts. First, a multi-city urban hydro-meteorological database consisting of surface energy balance fluxes, standard meteorological variables, and detailed spatial information on surface cover (materials and morphology) will be developed. This will be achieved by integrating results from previous studies, published and unpublished, and by conducting new long-term flux measurements at three carefully selected sites (Baltimore, USA; Lodz, Poland; Marseille, France). Second, simple parameterization schemes to simulate each of the surface energy balance fluxes in urban areas will be developed and evaluated. The objective is to develop a scheme with broad utility, thus it will be based on routinely collected meteorological data and simple surface parameters. Schemes for the individual fluxes will be evaluated separately and then integrated into a model called Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS). The new data compiled and measured will be used to independently evaluate LUMPS. Urban areas represent a location where a large and ever-increasing proportion of the world's population live, and where a disproportionate share of natural resources are used. The data collected in this study will enhance current understanding of the fundamental physical processes involved in the generation of urban climates and their spatial variability. The integrated model developed from this research (LUMPS) will be capable of simulating the spatial variability of energy balance fluxes within and between cities. Given the easily-available data inputs of LUMPS (standard meteorological data and surface characteristics), it promises to be a tool of practical utility for the broad group of scientists interested in understanding, predicting, and mitigating urban climates.