The Impact of Television on Very Young Children

电视对幼儿的影响。安德森对电视对三岁以下儿童的影响知之甚少。 然而，实地研究表明，接触电视与较慢的语言和认知发展有关。 这项研究考虑了两种类型的电视的影响，非常年幼的儿童接触。 第一种类型是电视作为背景，由其他人观看，孩子很少主动注意。 第二种是电视，作为前景，专门为非常年幼的儿童设计，他们积极参加。 前两项研究验证了背景电视扰乱玩具游戏和亲子社交互动的假设。 如果假设是正确的，背景电视会降低这些活动的质量，这些活动对健康的认知和社会发展至关重要。 在第一项研究中，非常年幼的儿童的玩具游戏被观察到存在的电视节目的成人，电视节目的年龄较大的儿童，并没有电视。 如果背景电视干扰了游戏，那么玩具游戏的质量和数量方面都会出现系统性的差异。 在第二项研究中，父母与孩子的互动被观察到存在的电视节目的成年人和没有电视。 如果背景电视干扰了父母与孩子的互动，那么父母与孩子的互动就会出现质和量的差异。 对于幼儿何时开始开始理解这些节目，还没有确定的决定。 第三项研究的目的是评估年龄很小的孩子区分可理解和不可理解的版本的天线宝宝。 第四项研究评估天线宝宝是否会影响观看后的玩具游戏质量。这项研究将为目前关于电子媒体对幼儿影响的辩论提供重要的新信息。 具体来说，这项研究将表明背景电视是否会扰乱非常年幼的儿童的认知和社会行为。 此外，这项研究将提供一个初步的确定，在最早的年龄，传统的电视可以是合理的教育，以及是否发挥行为是刺激或以其他方式影响了一个突出的电视节目，专门为非常年幼的儿童。 该研究还将揭示媒体未来两大趋势的影响。 一个趋势是，高清和宽带电视的出现，将提供更突出的节目，作为幼儿环境的背景影响。 第二个趋势是，随着《天线宝宝》在经济上的成功，其他针对幼儿的节目也将很快跟进。 这些研究将提供基本的观察结果，对评估电视现在和将来对幼儿的影响至关重要。

AbstractThe Impact of Television on Very Young ChildrenDaniel R. Anderson Little is known about the impact of television on children younger than three years. Nevertheless, field studies indicate that exposure to television is associated with slower language and cognitive development. This research considers the impact of two types of television to which very young children are exposed. The first type is television as background, watched by others, to which the child pays little active attention. The second type is television as foreground specifically designed for very young children and to which they actively attend. The first two studies test the hypothesis that background television disrupts toy play and parent-child social interactions. If the hypothesis is correct, background television reduces the quality of these activities essential for healthy cognitive and social development. In the first study very young children's toy play is observed in the presence of a television program for adults, a television program for older children, and with no television. If background television disrupts play, it is expected that there will be systematic differences in both qualitative and quantitative aspects of toy play. In the second study parent-child interactions are observed in the presence of a television program for adults and with no television. If background television disrupts parent-child interactions, both qualitative and quantitative differences in parent-child interactions will be found. Increasingly, television programs are being developed specifically for very young children. There has been no firm determination as to when very young children begin to comprehend such programs. The third study is designed to assess the age at which very young children discriminate comprehensible and incomprehensible versions of Teletubbies. The fourth study assesses whether Teletubbies influences the quality of toy play subsequent to viewing. The research will provide significant new information relevant to the current debate concerning the impact of electronic media on very young children. Specifically, the research will indicate whether background television disrupts very young children's cognitive and social behaviors. Additionally, the research will provide an initial determination of the earliest age at which conventional television can be plausibly educational, as well as whether play behavior is stimulated or otherwise influenced by a prominent television program specifically designed for very young children. The research will also cast light on the impact of two future trends in media. One trend, the advent of high-definition and broadband television, will provide programming that is more salient as a background influence in young children's environments. The second trend is that, with the economic success of Teletubbies, other programs for very young children will soon follow. These studies will provide basic observations essential to evaluating the impact of television on very young children now and in the future.