Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon and Tracer Measurements

将对选定的水道剖面进行系统和全球重新占领，目的是量化热、淡水、二氧化碳和有关参数的储存和运输的变化。该项目支持气候变率和可预测性（CLIVAR）和碳科学项目，是全球物理气候和碳系统观测系统的一个组成部分。通过整合碳和水文/示踪剂社区的科学需求，将实现重大协同效应和成本节约。除了效率之外，协调一致的方法将产生比单独项目更大的科学进步。这些进展将有助于实现以下重叠的科学目标：用于模型校准、验证和基于模型的综合的数据；碳系统研究；热量和淡水储存和通量研究；深浅水质量及通风研究；自主传感器的标定。一项关于海洋碳循环和循环的联合研究将有助于确定海洋环流的潜在变化可能对未来人为吸收产生严重后果的关键区域。全球变暖引起的海洋热量和淡水运输的变化可能会影响环流，这可以通过长期测量来跟踪。提议的剖面包括每个大洋的大约两条经向线和两条纬向线，总共10个剖面，为期6个野外年。核心测量包括水文（CTD，盐度，氧气，营养，L/ADCP，正在进行的T， S, pCO2，测深，导航），碳系统（DIC, pCO2）。TAlk, pH， DOC， DON)和瞬态示踪剂（CFCs，氚/3He）。除了收集数据外，质量控制措施将由提供参考质量数据的机构例行执行。巡航后的数据更新、分发和存档将由拥有单独资金的小组管理。实地工作将与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大的国际努力相结合。更广泛的影响：研究结果将广泛传播，以增进对科学和技术的了解。该计划基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，并可供整个社区使用，而不是为参与项目的调查人员专有。拟议的数据政策将是严格的，旨在迅速和公开传播，并具有明确的结构，以便对所有数据进行彻底的质量控制。如此雄心勃勃的目标需要如此程度的开放，以前从未大规模尝试过。该项目对社会的好处包括收集高质量的数据集，并利用这些数据评估气候变化。该全球项目将提供具有重要气候参数的完整水柱数据，并具有年代际覆盖。这些数据将用于通过量化海洋对人为二氧化碳的吸收和储存来评估气候变化，并有助于了解控制二氧化碳吸收和输送到海洋内部的过程并建立模型。由于这些可能是2000米以下唯一的系统观测，它们将被用来记录海洋变暖、热量和淡水通量的长期趋势。这些数据将成为气候系统模式校准的资源。拟议的计划将促进培训和学习。它将作为培训和吸引研究生、博士后科学家和新科学家的社区资源。在主要提案中，资金预算用于研究生、博士后和年轻的非航海科学家参加每次巡航。

A systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections will be conducted with the objective of quantifying changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and related parameters. The program is in support of the CLImate VARiability and predictability (CLIVAR) and Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon and hydrography/tracer communities, major synergies and cost savings will be achieved. In addition to efficiency, a coordinated approach will produce scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. These advances will contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. A joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation will help identify critical areas where potential changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, can be followed through long-term measurements. The sections proposed consist of approximately two meridional and two zonal lines in each ocean, for a total of 10 sections over 6 field years. The core measurements include hydrography (CTD, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, L/ADCP, Underway T, S, pCO2, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (DIC, pCO2. TAlk, pH, DOC, DON), and transient tracers (CFCs, tritium/3He). In addition to the collection of the data, quality control measures will be routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will be managed by groups with separate funding. The field work will be integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.Broader Impacts: The results will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding. The program is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community, and are available to the community at large rather than being proprietary for the investigators involved in the project. The data policy proposed will be stringent and geared towards rapid and open dissemination, and with a clear structure for all data to undergo thorough quality control. Such an ambitious goal requiring this degree of openness has not been tried on a large scale before. The program benefits to society include the collection of a high quality data set, and use of the data to assess climate change. The global program will provide full water column data of climatically significant parameters with decadal coverage. These data will be used to assess climate change by quantifying the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean, and contributing to an understanding and models of the processes that control the uptake and transport of CO2 into the ocean's interior. Since these are likely to be the only systematic observations below 2000 m, they will be used to document long term trends in ocean warming, and heat and freshwater fluxes. The data will be a resource for model calibration of the climate system. The proposed program will promote training and learning. It will serve as a community resource for training and entraining graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists. Funds are budgeted in the lead proposal for graduate students, post-docs, and young, non-seagoing scientists to participate in each cruise.