Foraging, Food Sharing, and Family Formation among the Hadza

[00:24 . 24]马洛世界上仅存的为数不多的狩猎和采集社会将很快消失，随之消失的还有我们研究与狩猎和采集生态位相关的行为的机会。这项纵向研究考察了觅食和食物分享，以及它们对核心家庭形成的影响，这些社会之一是坦桑尼亚的哈扎人。哈扎人没有正式的结婚仪式，但形成长期的伴侣关系，并实行一夫一妻制。就像许多在温暖气候下的觅食者一样，女性比男性带来更多的食物热量，而男性带来的食物获得的频率要低得多，而且更广泛地在家庭之外分享。这迫使我们质疑长期以来的观点，即男人的供给是促进伴侣关系的原因。一位人类行为生态学家，以及来自哈佛大学和坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆大学的人类学研究生，将在三年的时间里对四个游牧营地中大约160名哈扎人进行观察，每个营地大约有40人。研究人员将收集所有人的觅食活动和获得的食物的数据，他们在觅食时吃了多少食物，他们带回了多少食物，以及他们与家庭内外的其他人分享了多少食物，以评估男性的供给在维持伴侣关系方面可能发挥的作用。先前的一项研究发现，父亲的缺席对哈扎族儿童死亡率没有影响。然而，一项对觅食社会的跨文化分析表明，男性对饮食的贡献主要影响女性的生育能力，而不是后代的存活率。先前的数据显示，哈扎族男性在妻子哺乳期间会带来更多食物，这项研究将调查男性供应对死亡率、断奶时间、生下一个孩子的时间和总体生育率的影响。这项研究更广泛的影响包括更好地理解是什么解释了人类伴侣关系的普遍性。对离婚的原因和后果的研究将揭示家庭和情感依恋的重要性。对哈扎食物的营养分析，对其获取的能量分析，以及对其共享模式的经济分析，将进一步加深我们对自然条件下人类健康的认识。通过支持学生在扩展的领域设置，该项目结合了教育和研究。

0242455 MarloweThe tiny number of hunting and gathering societies left in the world will soon disappear and with them our chance to study behavior associated with the hunting and gathering niche. This longitudinal study examines foraging and food sharing, and their impact on the formation of the nuclear family among one of these societies, the Hadza of Tanzania. The Hadza have no formal marriage ceremony but form long-term pair bonds and are serially monogamous. Like many foragers in warm climates women bring in more food calories than men, and the food men bring in is acquired much less regularly and is more widely shared outside the household. This forces us to question the long-held view that a man's provisioning is what promotes pair bonds. About 160 Hadza in four nomadic camps of roughly 40 people each will be observed over the course of three years by a human behavioral ecologist, along with graduate anthropology students from Harvard and the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The researchers will collect data on the foraging activities and food acquired by all people, how much of which foods they eat while foraging, how much they take back to camp, and how much is shared with others within and outside the household in order to evaluate what role male provisioning may play in maintaining pair bonds. A previous study found no effect of father absence on child mortality among the Hadza. However, a cross-cultural analysis of foraging societies showed that men's contribution to the diet mainly affects women's fertility rather than offspring survivorship. Previous data reveal that Hadza men bring in more food when their wives are nursing and this study will investigate the effects men's provisioning has on mortality, time to weaning, time to next child, and overall fertility rates.Broader impacts of this research include a better understanding of what explains the universality of pair bonds among humans. Examination of the causes and consequences of divorce will shed light on the importance of families and emotional attachment. The nutritional analysis of Hadza foods, the energetic analysis of their acquisition, and the economic analysis of their pattern of sharing will further our knowledge of human health under naturalistic conditions. By supporting students in extended field settings, the project combines education and research.