Comparative Analysis of Legume Genome Evolution

在美国，大豆种植面积仅次于玉米，是动物和人类消费蛋白质和油脂的主要来源。大豆基因组的一个主要特征是复制事件，据估计发生在900万年前。类似的多倍化事件被认为在大多数甚至所有开花植物的进化史上发生过多次，并导致了基因组结构的戏剧性变化。关于多倍化后基因组重组过程的主要问题仍有待回答。比较基因组分析将被用来确定与大豆属中旧的(9mya)和最近的(50kya)多倍体事件相关的基因重排模式。具体地说，将对六个豆科植物分类群中每个分类群大约1兆的间隔以及多倍体成员中的重复区域(总共12个间隔)进行测序。这些分类群包括两个大豆品种，一个是与大豆Teramnus Labialus最接近的真正二倍体亲缘关系，另一个是最近的多倍体亲缘关系--Glyine tomentella G1188，它的染色体数是大豆的两倍。待测序的基因组区间包含几个在大豆中具有重要商业意义的抗病(R)基因，并包含快速重排和相对稳定的染色体区块。这些分析将解决关于短(10万年)和长(5000万年)时间尺度上的基因组进化的基本问题，以及关于R基因进化的问题。该序列收集还将有助于鉴定保守的启动子元件和非编码RNA，以及商业上有用的R基因。所有序列数据、实物地图和分析都将通过项目网站公开提供。该项目还将生成新的公共软件，用于基因组重排和5种豆科植物的细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库的系统发育分析。该项目将通过与印第安纳州布鲁明顿和弗吉尼亚州布莱克斯堡的两个动手科学博物馆的直接合作，以及明尼苏达大学和康奈尔大学的两个高中推广计划，与教育和非科学界建立联系。将开发实践活动工具包，用于博物馆的公共活动，更重要的是在K-12教室。将通过在每个博物馆举办的一系列教师培训讲习班来促进教室的使用。所有工具包都将专门设计，以满足国家科学学术标准，并将教授植物生物学和进化的原理。

In the U.S., soybean (Glycine max) is second only to corn in total acres planted and is a primary source of proteins and oils for both animal and human consumption. A major feature of the soybean genome is a duplication event estimated to have occurred 9 million years ago. Similar polyploidization events are believed to have occurred multiple times in the evolutionary history of most, and perhaps all, flowering plants, and have lead to dramatic changes in genome structure. Major questions regarding the process of genome restructuring following polyploidization remain to be answered. Comparative genomic analyses will be used to identify patterns of gene rearrangement associated with both old (9 mya) and recent (50 kya) polyploidy events in the Glycine genus. Specifically, an approximately 1 megabasepair interval from each of six legume taxa will be sequenced, as will the duplicated regions in the polyploid members (12 intervals in total). These taxa include two soybean cultivars, the closest true diploid relative of soybean Teramnus labialus and a recent polyploidy relative, Glycine tomentella G1188, that has twice as many chromosomes as soybean. The genomic interval to be sequenced contains several commercially important disease resistance (R) genes in soybean, and contains both rapidly rearranging and relatively stable chromosomal blocks. These analyses will address fundamental questions regarding genome evolution on both short (100,000 years) and long (50 million years) time scales, as well as questions regarding the evolution of R genes. This sequence collection will also facilitate identification of conserved promoter elements and non-coding RNAs, and well as commercially useful R genes. All sequence data, physical maps, and analyses will be made publicly available through a project web-site. This project will also generate new public software for phylogenetic analysis of genome rearrangements, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of 5 legume species.The project will be linked to the educational and non-science community via direct collaborations with two hands-on science museums in Bloomington, Indiana and Blacksburg, Virginia, and by two high school outreach programs at the University of Minnesota and Cornell University. Hands-on activity kits will be developed that will be used for public events at museums, and more importantly in K-12 classrooms. Classroom use will be promoted through a series of teacher training workshops hosted at each museum. All kits will be specifically designed to address state academic standards in science and will teach principles in plant biology and evolution.