Paid work beyond retirement age in Germany and Britain.Sociological analyses of atypical combinations of employment and old age pensions

自2010年以来，该项目一直在研究超过领取养老金年龄和过渡到退休年龄之后的就业情况。这是在经验的基础上完成的，并比较了德国和英国。到目前为止，退休后的有偿就业一直是工作、养老金和老年生活的非典型组合。这种日益频繁的结合与退休的必然性背道而驰。在人口结构变化和相关福利国家改革的背景下，对这种传记式晚期就业的研究在社会学和政治上都具有高度相关性。首先，通过对二手数据的定量分析，调查了退休后就业的发生率和结构。具体的个人社会结构特征和工作和家庭领域的履历星座增加了退休人员从事有偿工作的可能性。此外，我们还研究了这种就业对健康、幸福和生活满意度的影响。其次，采用以问题为中心的访谈方法，对退休人员进行有偿就业，考察其就业的传记意义以及他们如何应对制度法规。在此基础上，制定了超过领取养老金年龄的工作类型。研究小组的第三个重点是福利国家的传统和与退休后就业有关的制度安排，以及围绕这些安排的变化的集体话语。在这些话语中，不同的集体行动者讨论了老年就业和未来退休准备的形式。通过专家访谈和文件（尤其是相关行为者的官方声明）对这些话语进行定性分析，将围绕老年人提供和老年人工作的社会中介思想，特别是个人责任和正义观念的规范性概念，置于中心位置。通过混合方法研究退休后的有偿就业，可以更清楚地了解个人传记行为与福利国家制度之间的相互作用，而这两个领域的条件都在变化。德国和英国之间的比较揭示了不同制度条件和福利国家传统的影响，混合方法的应用促进了结构导向和行动导向观点之间的对话。

Since 2010, the project has been examining employment beyond pension age and after the transition into retirement. This is done on an empirical basis and comparing Germany and Britain. Until now, paid employment in retirement has been an atypical combination of work, payments from pensions and old age. This increasingly frequent combination is counter to the assumed finality of retirement. Against the background of changing demographics and related welfare state reforms the study of this kind of biographically late employment is sociologically and politically highly relevant.First, the incidence and structures of employment in retirement are investigated through the quantitative analysis of secondary data. Specific individual socio-structural characteristics and biographical constellations in the area of work and family increase the probability of retirees to engage in paid work. Furthermore, we study the effects of this employment on health, wellbeing and life satisfaction. Second, using problem-centred interview with retirees in paid employment, we examine the biographical meaning of their employment for them and how they deal with institutional regulations. Based on this, types of working beyond pension age are developed. The third focus of the research group is on welfare state traditions and institutional arrangements relating to employment in retirement, and on the collective discourses around the change of these arrangements. In these discourses, different collective actors debate employment in old age and future forms of provision for retirement. The qualitative analysis of these discourses in expert interviews and in documents (especially official statements of involved actors) brings to centre stage the socially mediated ideas around old age provision and work in old age, in particular normative conceptions of individual responsibility and ideas of justice.Studying paid employment in retirement through mixed methods provides a clearer understanding of the interplay between individual biographical action and welfare state institutions while conditions in both spheres are changing. The comparison between Germany and Britain sheds light on the influence of different institutional conditions and welfare state traditions, and the application of mixed methods facilitates a dialogue between structure-oriented and action-oriented perspectives.