Research Foundation to Support Cooperative Infrastructure/Vehicle Surface Transportation Control/Management

摘要CMS 0510404当前的交通研究环境使用复杂的地面交通系统的各个组成部分的建模，以提高整个系统的性能。 例如，路线引导模型允许调查向驾驶员提供信息的益处（对单个车辆和系统），而信号优化程序确定给定交通数据的接近最优的信号定时。 传统上，将模型分解为车辆和基础设施领域是适当的，因为这两个系统之间很少或没有动态交互。 例如，信号控制系统目前基于历史数据确定信号定时，或者在最好的情况下，结合由来自环路检测器或其他固定传感器的数据驱动的动态控制。 然而，没有直接从车辆获得的近实时信息，例如速度、先前位置、车辆起点和目的地以及驾驶员偏好。 车辆路线引导系统还使用历史和近实时交通数据来辅助驾驶员进行路线选择，但通常不明确考虑附近信号的相位。 鉴于目前对车辆与车辆和车辆与基础设施通信（称为车辆与基础设施集成- VII）相关的技术问题的调查，有必要严格审查如何使用这种基础设施来改善地面运输。 该项目提出了开发能够捕获这种网络的建模工具和开发有益的集成方法。因此，研究者和他的同事探讨的基本问题是：1）应该提供什么信息？2)谁应该接收信息？3)何时应提供信息？（4）如何使用这些信息？汽车是美国地面交通的主要方式。 为实现这种出行模式而开发的地面交通系统由两个部分组成：（1）汽车中的个人旅行者（称为车辆），以及（2）道路/交通控制网络（称为基础设施）。 迄今为止，这些组成部分是以独立的方式“管理”的。 驾驶员在对整个网络状态知之甚少的情况下做出决策，基础设施运营商根据在有限位置收集的车辆计数数据做出有关网络控制（主要通过信号系统）的决策。 各组成部分之间缺乏“合作”，主要是由于缺乏负担得起的信息技术，使各组成部分能够方便地分享数据和作出有利于整个系统的集体决定。这种合作的实际好处包括路线指导，帮助司机尽量减少在红灯上花费的时间。 它还包括交通信号系统，可以快速感知和响应，以减少车辆停车和延误。 随着广域无线网络的商业化，以及车载计算机系统变得负担得起和普及，信息技术将很快用于从根本上重新思考地面运输基础设施的运营方式。 由于他们的任务和经济利益，汽车工业集中在研究和开发，以改善系统的车辆组成部分-很少考虑的基础设施。 同样，运输机构专注于研究改善基础设施-很少考虑车辆组成部分。 因此，目前不存在科学基础，使工业和政府官员能够最好地指导这一新系统。 调查人员正在开发科学和模型库，以便通过先进的信息技术进行综合/合作地面运输系统控制和管理。 这将有助于调查信息技术和交通基础设施的整合，这是美国交通系统发展的关键一步。

ABSTRACT for CMS 0510404The current transportation research environment uses sophisticated modeling of individual components of the surface transportation system to improve performance of the overall system. For example, route guidance models allow for the investigation of benefits (to the individual vehicle and the system) of information provision to drivers, while signal optimization programs determine near-optimal signal timing given traffic data. Traditionally, this breakdown of models into the vehicle and infrastructure domains has been appropriate in that there has been little or no dynamic interaction between the two systems. Signal control systems, for example, currently determine signal timing based on historical data or, in the best case, incorporate dynamic control that is driven by data from loop detectors or other fixed sensors. There is, however, no near real-time information available directly from the vehicles, such as speed, previous locations, vehicle origin and destination, and driver preferences. Vehicle route guidance systems also use historical and near real-time traffic data to assist drivers in route selection but typically do not explicitly consider the phasing of nearby signals. Given the current investigation of technical issues associated with vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communication (referred to as vehicle-infrastructure integration - VII), there is a need to critically examine how such an infrastructure could be used to improve surface transportation. This project proposes both development of modeling tools capable of capturing such networking and development of methods for beneficial integration. The fundamental basic questions that the investigator and his colleagues explore are, therefore, 1) What information should be provided?, 2) Who should receive information?, 3) When should the information be provided?, and 4) How will the information be used?The automobile is the dominant mode of surface transportation in the United States. The surface transportation system that has developed to enable this mode of travel is made up of two components: (1) individual travelers in their automobiles (referred to as vehicles), and (2) the roadway/traffic control network (referred to as infrastructure). To date, these components are "managed" in an independent manner. Drivers make decisions with very little knowledge of the entire networks status, and infrastructure operators make decisions regarding network control (primarily through signal systems) based on vehicle count data collected at limited locations. This lack of "cooperation" between the components has evolved primarily due to the lack of affordable information technology that would allow the components to easily share data and make collective decisions that would benefit the entire system. Practical benefits of such cooperation include route guidance which assists drivers in minimizing time spent at red lights. It also includes traffic signal systems which can sense and respond quickly to reduce vehicle stops and delays. As wide-area wireless networks become commercially available, and in-vehicle computer systems become affordable and pervasive, the information technology will soon be available to radically rethink how the surface transportation infrastructure should be operated. Because of their mandate and economic interests, the vehicle industry concentrates on research and development to improve the vehicle component of the system - with little consideration of the infrastructure. Similarly, transportation agencies concentrate on research to improve the infrastructure - with little consideration of the vehicle component. Thus, the science base currently does not exist to allow industry and public officials to best direct this new system. The investigators are developing the science and model base for integrated/cooperative surface transportation system control and management made possible by advanced information technology. This will allow for the investigation of the integration of information technology and the transportation infrastructure, a critical step in the evolution of the US transportation system.