SGER: Reconnaissance Survey of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatran Earthquake and Tsunami

摘要：这项探索性研究小额赠款用于支持2004年12月26日苏门答腊大地震和海啸的侦察调查。2004年苏门答腊地震和海啸在泰国和印度尼西亚造成了超过10米的海浪，在斯里兰卡和印度造成了超过5米的海浪，并影响了马尔代夫、肯尼亚、塔斯马尼亚和索马里。海啸几乎立即影响了北苏门答腊岛、印度尼西亚和安达曼和尼科巴群岛的近震源地区，而在大约1.5小时内到达东部的缅甸和泰国海岸，在2至3小时内到达西部的印度、斯里兰卡和马尔代夫海岸。鉴于受影响地区的地理范围，有必要将调查重点放在选定的感兴趣的地区，这将指导以后更全面的调查。这项工作的知识价值在于海啸实地调查允许对特定事件的海啸淹没进行定量测量。测量是基于对水印的观察和目击者的描述，以帮助了解到达时间和推断海啸流。这是1964年以来的第一次跨洋海啸，东南亚、印度次大陆和非洲的洪水地理分布将有助于更好地了解海啸的产生和相关的地震参数。相比之下，由美国国家科学基金会基金调查的1992-2004年海啸具有局部影响和有限的地理范围，然而，通过直接将实地数据应用于数值模拟工作，我们对海啸产生和影响的理解大大增加（Synolakis et al., 2002, Borrero et al., 2003）调查的更广泛影响超出了收集和记录洪水数据和开发洪水模型。每一次国家科学基金会海啸调查都包括公众宣传。与过去一样，调查科学家将向学校、民防和应急管理部门以及其他政府官员作报告，解释海啸产生的机制、海啸的发生以及世界其他地方减轻海啸危害的经验。最重要的是，他们通过参考其他地方的海啸影响来讨论，每个沿海居民都应该知道，如果他们感觉到地震和/或观察到不寻常的水运动，如海岸线的快速退缩或向前移动，他们应该立即转移到高地或内陆。所收集数据的另一个更广泛的影响是用于开发和验证新的海啸淹没模型，并使用这些模型评估印度洋和其他地区未来海啸的风险。目前正在进行的卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带（CSZ）建模工作将直接受益于这些调查期间收集的数据，这些结果将直接影响到加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州和夏威夷州的海啸淹没和危险地图的制作。

Abstract:This Small Grant for Exploratory Research supports reconnaissance surveys of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatran earthquake and tsunami. The 2004 Sumatran earthquake and tsunami has caused waves in excess of 10m in Thailand and Indonesia, in excess of 5m in Sri Lanka and India, and it has impacted the Maldives, Kenya, Tasmania and Somalia. The tsunami waves affected the near source region of Northern Sumatra, Indonesia and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands almost immediately while taking approximately 1.5 hours to reach the shores of Myanmar and Thailand to the east, and 2 to 3 hours to reach India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives to the west. Given the geographic extent of the affected area, it is necessary to focus the surveys on select areas of interest, which will then guide later more comprehensive surveys.The intellectual merit of this work lies in the fact that tsunami field surveys allow for quantitative measurements of tsunami inundation of a specific event. The measurements are based on observations of watermarks and eyewitness accounts to help understand arrival times and infer tsunami currents. This is the first transoceanic tsunami since 1964,and the geographical distribution of inundation in SE Asia, Indian Subcontinent and Africa will help better understand tsunami generation and the associated seismological parameters. For comparison, the tsunamis of 1992-2004 surveyed with NSF funds have had local impact and limited geographic extend, yet our understanding of tsunami generation and effects has increased dramatically through the direct application of field data to numerical modeling efforts (Synolakis et al., 2002, Borrero et al., 2003)The broader impact of the survey extends beyond gathering and documenting inundation data and developing inundation models. Every NSF tsunami survey includes public outreach. As they have done in the past, survey scientists will make presentations in schools, civil defense and emergency management and other government officials to explain the mechanics of tsunami generation, the occurrence of tsunamis, and the experience with tsunami hazards mitigation elsewhere in the world. Most importantly they discuss by reference to tsunami impacts elsewhere that every coastal resident should know that if they feel an earthquake and/or observe unusual water motions such as rapid withdrawal or forward motion of the shoreline, they should immediately move to high ground or inland. A further broader impact of the data collected is its use in developing and validating new tsunami inundation models and in using these models in assessing risk from future tsunamis in the Indian Ocean and elsewhere. Modeling efforts currently under way for the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) will benefit directly from the data collected during these surveys and those results will directly impact the production of tsunami inundation and hazard maps for the states of California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii.