CPA: Cross-Layer Energy Management by Architectures, Operating Systems, and Application Programs

节能已成为系统设计中的一大挑战。大多数现有技术都集中在各个层上：设备、电路、体系结构或软件。拟议的研究通过跨不同层的协作和连贯的方法来节约能源。在硬件层，专用寄存器报告不同硬件模块的累计能耗。这些寄存器称为能量计数器，类似于现代处理器中的性能计数器。操作系统使用来自能量计数器的信息，并遵循一套会计规则来确定每个进程消耗的能量。这些过程可以调整它们的行为，以有效地利用能源。对于由电池供电的便携式系统，一些进程可能会将计算负载转移到电网供电的远程服务器。将开发一个编程环境，以协助程序员提高能源效率。这项提议对提高电子系统的能效产生了更广泛的影响，以便为移动用户提供更长时间的服务。

Energy conservation has become a major challenge in system design. Most existing techniques focus on individual layers: devices, circuits, architecture, or software. The proposed research conserves energy through a collaborative and coherent approach across different layers. In the hardware layer, special registers report cumulative energy consumption of different hardware modules. These registers are called energy counters, similar to performance counters in modern processors. Operating systems use the information from energy counters and follow a set of accounting rules to determine the amount of energy consumed by each process. These processes can adjust their behavior to use energy efficiently. For portable systems powered by batteries, some processes may off-load computation to a remote server that is grid-powered. A programming environment will be developed to assist programmers in improving energy efficiency. This proposal has broader impacts on improving the energy efficiency of electronic systems to provide services for longer periods of time for mobile users.