CAREER: Science, State, and Citizenship in Latin America

项目摘要目标。“职业：拉丁美洲的科学、国家和公民”旨在通过一个双重进程开展和整合关于拉丁美洲科学和技术的新调查。首先，PI将开发一个关于拉丁美洲科学的原创性研究的重要机构，从而出版一本书，探讨19世纪末和20世纪初拉丁美洲政府如何使用科学的方法和修辞的关键问题，特别是生物学，心理学和社会科学，定义公民身份和充分参与社会的参数。第二，PI将构思，制作和分发电子研究和教学工具，以促进在科学课程和项目的广泛历史中采用拉丁美洲的观点。虽然PI的学术书籍将提供一个理论和丰富的叙事分析的主题，电子档案的目标是提供一个便携式宝库的主要来源（地图，前哥伦布时期工具的照片，个别科学家的传记，翻译重要的科学论文和科学探险家的第一手资料）任何希望将这些主题纳入本科或研究生课程的教师或学生。 方法. PI的工作是跨学科的，将科学史的问题和方法与社会理论，政治和文化史，图像分析和定量数据相结合。 智力优势。该项目旨在提供有关拉丁美洲科学史的新知识，并向学生和学者广泛提供这些知识及其文献所依据的主要来源。该项目的这两个方面将突出社会，政治和文化背景在拉丁美洲国家塑造科学发现的使用和应用（或忽视）的重要性，以及这些发现和应用的国际影响。它将揭示来自拉丁美洲内部的比较见解，这些见解揭示了西方更大的科学知识生产和创新系统。这本书的预期意义在于它分析了西方民主的形式，以及科学思想在帮助塑造通往政治平等的各种不同道路方面的作用。 更广泛的影响。该项目反映了社会的关注，因为它有助于当前关于科学在全球科学背景下塑造国家政策和立法的作用的讨论。该项目将有助于努力提高公众对科学的社会影响，特别是科学与民主之间关系的认识。这一项目的两个组成部分相辅相成，将阐明科学和技术方面迫在眉睫的问题，特别是科学家和决策者已经并将继续考虑的关于公民身份和法律的权利的生物、技术和社会科学思想的应用。具体而言，PI希望帮助澄清种族和民族群体之间差异的政治辩论中的关键问题，以及我们对民主国家机构发展的历史理解。这些辩论，几乎所有美国州都考虑过，涉及限制移民，加强国家边界的安全，或者将历史上被剥夺公民权的群体整合到完整的公民身份中，将根据他们的知识前辈来看待，这些前辈本身植根于科学，甚至是普遍的概念。这项工作将进一步确定，往往被视为国家利益的政治和法律的主题是过去和现在相互关联的跨国进程的一部分。最后，PI还希望为历史实践民主化的努力做出贡献，使无法前往遥远档案馆的个人更容易获得原始资料。

Project SummaryObjectives. "CAREER: Science, State, and Citizenship in Latin America" aims to carry outand integrate new investigations on Latin American science and technology in a two-fold process. First, the PI will develop a significant body of original research on Latin American science, resulting in a published book that will explore the crucial question of how Latin American governments of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used the methods and rhetoric of science, especially biology, psychology, and social science, to define the parameters of citizenship and full participation in their societies. Second, the PI will conceive, produce, and distribute an electronic research and teaching tool to facilitate the adoption of Latin American perspectives in a broad range of history of science courses and projects. While the PI's scholarly book will provide a theoretical and rich narrative analysis of the topic, the goal of the electronic archive is to provide a portable treasure trove of primary sources ( maps, photographs of pre-Columbian tools, biographies of individual scientists, translations of important scientific papers and first-hand accounts by scientific explorers) to any teacher or student wishing to incorporate these topics in an undergraduate or graduate curriculum. Methods. The PI's work is interdisciplinary, incorporating questions and methods from the history of science with social theory, political and cultural history, image analysis, and quantitative data. Intellectual Merit. This project aims to provide new knowledge about the history of science in Latin America and to make that knowledge, and the primary sources on which its literature is based, widely available to students and scholars. Both aspects of the project will highlight the importance of social, political, and cultural context in a variety of Latin American nations in shaping the use and application (or neglect) of scientific findings, and the international impact of those discoveries and applications. It will reveal comparative insights from within Latin America that shed light on larger systems of scientific knowledge production and innovation in general in the West. The expected significance of the book-length study will lie in its analysis of forms of Western democracy and the role of scientific ideas in helping to shape the various and divergent paths towards political equality. Broader Impacts. This project reflects the concerns of society insofar as it contributes to current discussions about the role of science in molding state policy and legislation in a global scientific context. The project will contribute to efforts to develop public awareness of the social impact of science, in particular the relationship between science and democracy. The two components of this project, working complementarily, will shed light on imminent issues in science and technology, in particular the application of biological, technological, and social scientific ideas about citizenship and legal rights that have been, and continue to be, considered by scientists and policymakers. Specifically, the PI hopes to help clarify the issues at stake in political debates over differences among racial and national groups and in our historical understanding of the development of democratic state institutions. These debates, considered by nearly all American states, concerned setting of limits on immigration, tightening security at national borders, or integrating historically disenfranchised groups to full citizenship, will be seen in light of their intellectual predecessors, themselves rooted in scientific, even universal concepts. This work will further will establish that political and legal themes often seen as of national interest are part of interrelated transnational processes, both past and present. Finally, the PI also hopes to contribute to efforts to democratize the practice of history, making primary sources more available to individuals unable to travel to distant archives.