Peri-Urban Land Reform and Political-Economic Reform in Zanzibar, Tanzania

本项目对1985年至2005年坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔城郊西部地区的土地改革进行了批判性分析。这二十年带来了双重改革，一是向多党民主治理过渡，二是经济发展政策向新自由主义（以市场为基础的）发展转变。土地改革代表了这一双重改革过程中一个关键的、尚未得到检验的空间维度。该研究检验了地理文献中关于发展和环境正义与不公正的关键理论假设：新自由主义和民主治理政策有利于穷人，新自由主义治理与地理不平衡发展（GUD）密不可分，边缘化社区首当其冲地承受了地理不平衡发展的负面环境后果。该研究以西部地区的三个案例为研究对象，实证考察了土地利用规划过程的变化情况，以及芬兰援助机构Finnida在改革过程中的作用。主要目标是评估改革增加或减少环境不公正的程度，环境不公正的定义是城市化带来的环境成本和效益在社会上的不平衡分配。本研究将采用定性和定量方法，从以下几个方面衡量1985-2005年港岛区环境不公平的情况：1)不同社会群体获得优质土地的机会不平等；2)对非正式住区中边缘化的穷人造成更大的负面环境后果，其形式是接近不同的具体危害。该研究检验了一种理论，即西区的环境不公正现象取决于该区特定区域在特定时间内的社会、政治、经济和文化关系的特定特征。将通过焦点小组、社会调查、访谈、参与观察、档案研究、文献研究、基础地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感分析等方式收集信息，形成国家与社会关系的多面民族志。该项目将为在分析发展政策和城市环境时提高地理知识作出新的贡献。它将通过解决有关社会科学文献中的三个具体差距，对分析发展中世界城市近郊土地改革进程中政治和经济改革进程与环境正义之间的关系作出重大贡献。这些是：1)相对缺乏以非洲为基础的对南非以外城市环境规划的批判性政治分析，2)在非洲双重改革研究中对非洲城市的相对沉默（主要是对选举和国家经济政策的研究），以及3)在发展地理学中普遍缺乏对双重改革时代北欧对非洲城市的大量和地缘政治上重要的援助的批评。该项目纳入了桑给巴尔的研究人员，扩大了服务不足人口、撒哈拉以南非洲人的参与，并通过发展坦桑尼亚、芬兰和美国之间的联系，加强了城市政治生态的研究网络。

The project provides a critical analysis of land reform in the peri-urban West District of Zanzibar, Tanzania, from 1985 to 2005. These two decades have brought dual reforms in the form of a transition to multi-party democratic governance and a transformation of economic development policy toward neoliberal (market-based) development. Land reform represents a critical and as-yet unexamined spatial dimension of this dual reform process. The study tests key competing theoretical assumptions in the geographical literatures on development and on environmental justice and injustice: that neoliberal and democratic governance policies are pro-poor, that neoliberal governance is inseparable from geographically uneven development (GUD), and that marginalized communities bear the brunt of negative environmental consequences in GUD. The research empirically examines how land use planning processes have changed, targeting three case study areas of West District and the role of Finland's aid agency, Finnida, in reform processes. The primary objective is to assess the degree to which the reforms have increased or decreased environmental injustice, defined as the socially uneven distribution of environmental costs and benefits from urbanization. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the study will gauge environmental injustice in the District for 1985-2005 in terms of: 1) unequal access for different social groups to high quality land; and 2) greater negative environmental consequences for the marginalized poor in informal settlements in the form of proximity to different specific hazards. The study tests the theory that environmental injustice present in West District is contingent upon the particular character of social, political, economic, and cultural relations present in specific zones of the District at a given time. Information will be gathered through focus groups, social surveys, interviews, and participant observation, as well as archival research, document study, and basic geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing analysis, creating a multi-faceted ethnography of state-society relations. This project will make a novel contribution to advancing geographic knowledge in the analysis of development policy and the urban environment. It will contribute significantly to analysis of the relations between political and economic reform processes and environmental justice within peri-urban land reform processes around the developing world by addressing three specific gaps in the relevant social science literatures. These are the: 1) relative absence of Africa-based critical political analyses of urban environmental planning outside of South Africa, 2) comparative silence on African cities in African studies of dual reform (which are dominated by studies of elections and national economic policy), and 3) general lack of a critique in development geography of the substantial and geo-politically important amounts of Nordic aid to African cities in the dual reform era. This project incorporates Zanzibari researchers, broadening the participation of an underserved population, Sub-Saharan Africans, and enhancing the research networks of urban political ecology by developing linkages between Tanzania, Finland, and the US.