The Collaborative O-Buoy Project: Deployment of a Network of Arctic Ocean Chemical Sensors for the IPY and beyond

北冰洋是一个快速变化的恶劣环境：偏远，有时无法进入；气温低至零下50摄氏度；几个月的黑暗；不断移动和变形的海冰；融化季节无处不在的湿气；漂浮的雪和掠夺的哺乳动物。这些条件使任何观测都变得困难，但对自主传感器来说尤其困难。迄今为止，大多数长期的北极大气观测，特别是大多数化学数据都是在陆地上收集的，尽管北冰洋及其海冰覆盖改变了整个区域的气候和大气组成。众所周知，在北极的春季，涉及海盐的表面化学会破坏表面的臭氧(O_3)和元素汞(Hg)。然而，由于长期测量的后勤挑战，对北冰洋表面上方大气中的臭氧或其他化学物质的这种测量很少(卫星和飞机除外)。由于仪器、电源管理和仪器控制方面的新发展，通过开发坚固、无人值守、自给式和自主的浮标，为实现这一目标提供了新的机会。需要基于海洋的长期大气数据集，以量化快速变化的冰场中的季节和年际变化，北冰洋不同地区的冰场将有所不同。为了推进这一目标，该项目将把三种不同的化学测量仪器集成到不受天气影响的、自给动力的冰系留浮标中；其中两个专门的浮标将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行现场测试。这一进展将增进对基本化学和物理过程的理解，并增进对大气-地表相互作用过程如何对北极系统范围物理和气候条件变化作出反应的理解。O-浮标仪器包最初将由三个传感器组成：1)一个MAX-DOAS BROO仪器，2)一个臭氧探测器，3)一个二氧化碳分析器。在第一年，将开发一个自主浮标，配备坚固、低功耗的仪器，配备数据/电源/仪器控制管理系统包，允许计算机控制定期运行，并通过Iridium卫星系统传输数据。在第二年和第三年，将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行初步测试和改进。为了实现这一目标，我们计划与合作研究人员进行协调，作为海洋-大气-海冰-积雪(OASIS)计划(http://www.OASIShome.net).)的一部分

The Arctic Ocean is a rapidly changing and hostile environment: remote and, at times, inaccessible;air temperatures as low as -50oC; months of darkness; a sea ice cover that is constantly moving and deforming; pervasive moisture during the melt season; drifting snow and marauding mammals. These conditions make any observation difficult, but pose particular difficulties for autonomous sensors. To date, most long-term Arctic atmospheric observations, and in particular most chemistry data, have been collected on land, although the Arctic Ocean and its sea ice cover modify the climate and atmospheric composition of the entire region. It is known that surface chemistry involving sea salt results in destruction of ozone (O3) and elementary mercury (Hg) at the surface during spring time in the Arctic. However, due to the logistics challenge of long term measurements, there have been very few such measurements of O3 or other chemical species in the atmosphere above the Arctic Ocean surface (except from satellites and aircraft). Because of new developments in instrumentation, power management, and instrumentation control, there is a new opportunity to realize this goal through development of robust, unattended, self-contained and autonomous buoys. Long-term, ocean-based atmospheric data sets are needed to quantify seasonal and interannual variability in a fast changing ice field that will vary in different regions of the Arctic Ocean. To further this goal, the project will integrate 3 different chemical measurement instruments aimed at key gases, into weather-tight, self-powered, ice-tethered buoys; two of these specialized buoys will be field tested at Barrow, Alaska. This development will improve understanding of the fundamental chemical and physical processes, and improve the understanding of how atmosphere-surface interactive processes respond to Arctic System-wide changes in physical and climatic conditions. The O-Buoy instrument package will initially consist of three sensors: 1) a MAX-DOAS BrO instrument, 2) an O3 detector, and 3) a CO2 analyzer. In year 1 an autonomous buoy will be developed with instruments that are robust, low power, with a data/power/instrument control management system package that allows computer control for periodic operation, and data transmission via the Iridium satellite system. It year 2 and 3 there will be initial testing and refinement at Barrow, Alaska. To achieve this goal, we plan on coordination with collaborating researchers as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) program (http://www.OASIShome.net).