Biprism ion-interferometry with charged atoms and molecules for the measurement of the Aharonov-Bohm effects for particles with inner structure

相干自由电子的物质波实验目前是一个不断扩大的研究领域。这是由许多关于光束源、光束操纵和检测的技术创新所推动的。这个Emmy noether项目的目的是在Aharonov-Bohm物理，传感器技术和退相干的背景下应用电子和离子干涉测量。因此，将实现用于氦和氢的双棱镜干涉仪。首次在双棱镜干涉仪中实现了相干强单原子尖端光束源，其发射源仅为单原子。此外，还开发了一种方法，通过对探测器获得的空间和时间粒子坐标进行相关分析，来减少脱相扰动的影响，如机械和电磁振荡或温度漂移。在之前的Emmy noether项目过程中，已经解决了许多技术挑战，以便在延长期间测量离子干扰。离子干涉仪原则上允许第一次直接验证电阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应。详细的仿真结果表明，在干涉仪中需要用三个双棱镜相干分离100µm的光束路径。必要的部件已经制造出来，并将在延长的一年内实施。在进一步的实验装置中，将研究金属表面附近电子叠加态的库仑相互作用与温度的退相干关系，并与目前的退相干理论进行比较。确定的退相干时间具有重要的技术应用，例如在量子电子显微镜的实现中。

Experiments with matter-waves of coherent, free electrons are currently an expanding field of research. This is motivated by numerous technological innovations concerning the beam source, the beam manipulation and the detection. The aim of this Emmy Noether-project is the application of interferometry with electrons and ions in context to Aharonov-Bohm physics, sensor technology and decoherence. For that reason a biprism-interferometer for helium and hydrogen will be realized. A coherent and intensive single-atom tip beam source was implemented for the first time in a biprism-interferometer, where the origin of the emission is only a single atom. Furthermore a method was developed to reduce the influence of dephasing perturbations, such as mechanical and electromagnetic oscillations or temperature drifts, by a correlation analysis of the spatial and temporal particle coordinates obtained by the detector. In the course of the previous Emmy Noether-project numerous technical challenges have been solved to enable the measurement of ion-interferences during the year of extension. An ion-interferometer in principle allows for the first direct verification of the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect. Detailed simulations indicate that it is necessary to separate the beam path in the interferometer coherently by 100 µm with three biprisms. The necessary components are already manufactured and will be implemented within the year of extension. In a further experimental setup the decoherence of an electronic superposition state by Coulomb-interaction near a metallic surface in dependence of its temperature will be studied and compared to current decoherence theories. The determined decoherence time has important technical applications, for instance in the realization of a quantum electron microscope.