HSD: Collaborative Proposal: Long-Term Dynamics of Population Growth, Agricultual Intensification, and Sociopolitical Change: Hawai'i as a Model System

复杂的等级制社会政治制度在世界历史的不同时期和地点出现，但其形成过程仍未得到很好的理解。承担这一跨学科项目的研究小组将结合考古学、人口学和农业生态学的方法，研究在与欧洲人接触之前，一个复杂的早期国家级社会是如何在孤立的夏威夷群岛上出现的。夏威夷提供了一个“模式系统”，因为在夏威夷发展和相互作用的文化和生物过程，从人口增长和农业集约化和资源开采，到政治权力和经济控制的日益集中，已经发生在任何地方，并且实际上正在全球范围内发生-但是它们发生的背景在夏威夷比其他地方更好地定义。研究团队将把定量模型（生态系统、人口统计学和农业生产模型）与景观生物地球化学、农艺系统、与农业基础设施和生产力相关的人口统计学、家庭规模考古学以及基于旱地和湿地（灌溉）农业集约化模式的社会和文化复杂性的发展进行仔细的实地分析相结合。实地研究和景观尺度的生态系统和人口模型将集中在夏威夷岛的Kohala地区，该地区包含了接触前生产系统的多样性。具体而言，该项目将：(1)将旱地农业系统的综合分析扩展到灌溉湿地农业系统，该系统在旧夏威夷群岛的迎风景观经济中占主导地位。(2)分析农业人口与农业营养循环模型耦合的动态，从而阐明在空间异质生境中气候变化对农业人口动态的影响。(3)调查国内经济和剩余生产的时间变化，以确定家庭层面的变化如何与区域尺度一体化政治经济的出现联系起来。(4)评估不同形式的社会组织对人口增长、稳定和福祉以及资源过剩、短缺和共享的影响。该项目的结果将有助于从根本上了解土壤、生态系统、农业、人口和社会政治结构在数百年的时间跨度中是如何相互作用的。研究团队代表了社会、生物和物理科学家的组合，研究将整合考古学、人类学、人口学、土壤科学、生态学以及计算机建模和模拟的方法和方法。该项目将有助于教育和培训本科生和研究生，以及一些博士后学者，增加整合社会，生物和物理科学的前沿跨学科研究的能力。项目组还将与夏威夷州教育委员会合作开发课程材料，为夏威夷州的中等教育做出贡献。与夏威夷土著社区和广大公众的接触将侧重于鲜为人知的农业强度和多样性以及接触前夏威夷社会的复杂性，以及该岛作为具有全球意义的模式系统的地位。

Complex, hierarchical sociopolitical systems have emerged at various times and places in world history, but the processes involved in their formation are still not well understood. The research team undertaking this interdisciplinary project will combine the approaches of archaeology, demography, and agricultural ecology to study how a complex early state-level society arose in the isolated Hawaiian Islands prior to contact with Europeans. Hawai'i offers a 'model system' because the cultural and biological processes that developed and interacted in Hawai'i, from population growth and intensification of agriculture and resource extraction, to the increasing centralization of political power and economic control, have happened everywhere and indeed are taking place globally today - but the context in which they take place is better-defined in Hawai'i than elsewhere. The research team will integrate quantitative modeling (ecosystem, demographic, and agricultural production models) with carefully-focused field analyses of landscape biogeochemistry, agronomic systems, human demography in relation to agricultural infrastructure and productivity, household-scale archaeology, and the development of social and cultural complexity in societies based on both dryland and wetland (irrigated) modes of agricultural intensification. The field research and landscape-scale ecosystem and demographic modeling will focus on the Kohala region of Hawai'i Island, which encapsulates the diversity of pre-contact production systems. Specifically, the project will: (1) Extend integrated analyses of dryland agricultural systems to the irrigated wetland agricultural systems that dominated the economies of windward landscapes of the older Hawaiian Islands. (2) Analyze the dynamics of an agricultural population coupled to a nutrient-cycling model of agriculture, thereby illuminating the dynamics of agricultural populations subject to variable climate over a spatially heterogeneous habitat. (3) Investigate temporal changes in the domestic economy and production of surplus, to determine how changes at the household level were linked to the emergence of a regional-scale integrative political economy. (4) Evaluate the consequences of different forms of social organization for population growth, stability, and well-being, and for resource surplus, shortage, and sharing. The project results will contribute to fundamental understanding of how soils, ecosystems, agriculture, population, and sociopolitical structure interact over time spans of hundreds of years.The research team represents a combination of social, biological, and physical scientists, and research will integrate approaches and methods from archaeology, anthropology, demography, soil science, ecology, and computer modeling and simulation. The project will contribute to the education and training of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as several post-doctoral scholars, adding to the capacity for cutting-edge interdisciplinary research that integrates the social, biological, and physical sciences. The project team will also contribute to secondary education in Hawai'i by developing curricular material in partnership with the State Board of Education. Outreach to Native Hawaiian communities and to the broader public will focus on the little-appreciated intensity and diversity of agriculture and the complexity of society in pre-contact Hawai'i - and on the Island's status as a globally-significant model system.