Making Science Global: Reconsidering the Social and Intellectual Implications of the International Polar Years

我们建议在史密森学会召开为期两天的会议，探讨1882年、1932年和1957年国际极地年对科学、社会和文化的推动（以及对其的影响）。我们打算邀请大约二十几位学者，主要是历史学家和科学家，从经验丰富的研究人员到高级研究生，来探讨这些运动的起源及其在全球科学（包括物理科学和人文科学）、专业主义和相关学科机构发展中的作用。本次会议的首要主题是探讨连续三个国际极地年（IPYs）在地球科学领域跨国科学实体出现中的作用，确定和评估国家建设和国际竞争与合作的重要性。亨特·杜普雷（Hunter Dupree, 1967）可能是第一个认识到并阐明各种形式的政府在勘探活动中的内在利益的人，威廉·戈茨曼（William Goetzmann, 1967）对他的观察进行了扩展和完善，他表明，无论政府是否支付账单，他们仍然从活动中受益，并通过交通和通道的基础设施为他们提供便利（Thibodeau, 1985, 82）。因此，我们非常需要评估国际极地年是如何促进地球科学各学科的专业化的，它们是如何阐明国家风格的，它们是如何促进科学仪器的发展的，以及它们是如何集中资助科学的。迄今为止，这些主题在很大程度上仍未被探索。更广泛的影响我们计划这次会议与科学史学会的年度会议同时举行。我们将于2007年10月31日（星期三）上午开始，紧接HSS会议（11月1日至4日）。通过这种方式，我们希望能接触到尽可能广泛和多样化的科学史家群体。我们还认为，华盛顿特区的网站将引起更广泛的学者和工作者社区的关注，这些学者和工作者受到国际国际年现象的影响，他们可能会意识到并对导致第四届国际国际年的遗产感到好奇，该国际年将于2007年开始。我们还希望在一个特别的晚上小组讨论中与科学家和决策者进行接触。该小组将考虑如何将历史观点传达给即将进行第四届国际和平年扩展调查的当代科学家，以及感兴趣的学生和公众如何参与这项活动。会议的这些方面直接诉诸于项目征集NSF 05-588中规定的标准，第13页，第7项，第2段。我们将利用华盛顿是许多对全球问题感兴趣的学者的家乡这一事实，在当地宣传这次会议。我们还将利用史密森学会的知名度来吸引华盛顿特区地区专业科学组织以外的观众。我们打算编辑和出版同行评议的会议记录，一旦获得NSF的支持，我们将寻求出版资助来做这件事，很可能很快就会重新激活si内部的“史密森学会学术出版计划”，这将在2007年提供。我们正在寻求国家科学基金会的支持，主要是为国内外学者（包括学生）提供旅行津贴，希望吸引一些来自传统上代表性不足的地区的学者。还要求支助一名行政实习生和编制和传播会议资料的有关费用。我们正在与国家科学基金会接洽，作为这项活动的主要支持者。一旦国家科学基金的资金获得批准，我们将寻求补充资金。

IntroductionWe propose a two-day conference at the Smithsonian Institution to examine the impetus for (and the impact upon) science, society and culture by the International Polar Years of 1882, 1932, and 1957. We intend to invite roughly two dozen scholars, mainly historians and scientists, from experienced researchers to advanced graduate students, to explore the origins of these campaigns and their role in the growth of global science (both the physical sciences and the human sciences), of professionalism, and of institutions in associated disciplines. Intellectual MeritThe overarching theme of the proposed conference is to explore the role of the three successive IPYs (International Polar Years) in the emergence of transnational scientific entities in the geosciences, identifying and assessing the importance of nation building and international competition and cooperation. Hunter Dupree (1967) may have been the first to recognize and articulate the inherent interest that governments of all forms have had in campaigns of exploration, and his observations have been extended and refined by William Goetzmann (1967) who has shown that whether or not governments paid the bills, still they benefited from the activity and facilitated them through the infrastructure of transportation and access (Thibodeau, 1985, 82). Of great need therefore is an assessment of how the IPYs stimulated the professionalization of the various disciplines within the geosciences, how they elucidated national styles, how they fostered the development of scientific instrumentation, and how they focused patronage for science. These are themes that to date remain largely unexplored.Broader ImpactsWe have planned this conference to coincide with an annual meeting of the History of Science Society. We will start on Wednesday morning 31 October 2007 just before the HSS meets (1 - 4 November). In this way we expect to reach as broad and varied a community of historians of science as possible. We also feel that the Washington DC site will promote attention among a far broader community of scholars and workers in fields that are impacted by the phenomenon of the IPYs, and who may be aware and curious about the legacy that had led to the fourth IPY, which will start in 2007. We also hope to reach out to scientists and policy makers alike in a special evening panel discussion. The panel will consider how historical perspectives can be communicated to contemporary scientists about to undertake the extended investigations organized as the fourth IPY, as well as how interested students and the public can engage the campaign. These aspects of the conference appeal directly to criteria specified in Program Solicitation NSF 05-588, page 13, item 7, paragraph 2. We will advertise this conference locally to take advantage of the fact that Washington is home for many scholars interested in global issues. We will also take advantage of the Smithsonian Institution's visibility to attract an audience beyond the professional scientific organizations in the Washington DC area. We intend to edit and publish the peer-reviewed proceedings of the conference, and once NSF support is secured, will seek a publishing subvention to do so, most likely a soon-to-be re-vitalized SI-internal "Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Publishing Program", which will be available in 2007. We are seeking support from the NSF mainly for travel stipends for a mixture of domestic and foreign scholars, including students, hoping to attract some from regions that have been traditionally underrepresented. Support is also sought for an administrative intern and associated costs of preparing and disseminating information about the meeting. We are approaching NSF as the primary supporter of this activity. Once NSF funding is approved, we will be seeking supplemental funding.