Doctoral Dissertation Research: Cultures of Security: Military Tactics and City Planning in Lower Manhattan since 11 September 2001

在2001年9月11日恐怖袭击之后，美国政府继续把重点放在进一步制定防御战略，以保护城市免受政治暴力的威胁。现在通常被称为“国土安全”，这些新的政府举措通过植根于军事理论的广泛防御战术改变了城市的物理地形。这个博士研究项目将集中在两个主要的研究问题：1）如何军事规划策略已或未被纳入联邦规划指导，以保护城市基础设施自2001年9月11日，以及如何影响城市规划和人民在下曼哈顿？2)曼哈顿下城的居民是如何被纳入或排除在这一进程之外的？这对城市一级的规划和治理有何影响？研究人员将从两个主要角度调查9.11事件后的安全文化：国土安全部的安全规划和下曼哈顿的城市规划。在联邦和市一级的研究将涉及深入采访那些负责设计和执行各自计划的官僚。访谈将涉及个人和机构对城市安全规划的看法。定性数据分析将分析联邦安全机构和城市规划系统在特定地理环境中的相互作用，这项研究是对9.11事件后的安全文化进行的一项以地理和体制为基础的分析。它侧重于城市地区安全倡议，这是国土安全部保护城市基础设施和人口的主要政策倡议。UASI旨在保护城市免受恐怖主义袭击，部分依赖于国防部为保护军事设施而制定的战略和战术。在城市社会系统中，这些计划现在将联邦安全倡议与美国城市的日常生活联系起来，这引发了人们对它们在非军事平民环境中的影响的严重质疑。简而言之，当前保卫城市的方法必须结合具有城市规划、城市治理和城市系统专业知识的学者和实践者的专业知识。这些更具包容性的分析将使当今以恐怖主义为中心的规划框架能够根据社会安全原则得到改进和扩展。这项研究还提供了一个机会，前军官与军事行动和国土安全规划的专业知识，以批判性地调查社区发展和城市安全之间的新出现的差距。从更大的意义上说，这也是一个研究国家安全如何设置议程的地方一级的从业者和社区，治理和规划如何成为联邦安全政策的影响，以及可以吸取什么教训，以促进一个更公平和可持续的框架，在纽约和其他美国城市的实施。这是本研究的独特性和贡献，因为它将揭示关键的经验教训，可以帮助未来的社区为基础的努力，在城市的联邦安全战略运作，以及提供的调查结果，将提高当前的城市和社会理论。博士论文研究改进奖还将提供支持，使有前途的学生通过独立研究继续公共服务。

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government continues to focus on further developing defensive strategies to protect cities from the threat of political violence. Now commonly known as "homeland security," these new governmental initiatives altered the physical terrain of the city through a wide range of defensive tactics rooted in military doctrine. This doctoral research project will focus on two primary research questions: 1) How have military planning tactics been or not been incorporated into federal planning guidance for the protection of urban infrastructure since 11 September 2001, and how has this affected urban planning and people in Lower Manhattan? 2) How have residents of Lower Manhattan been included or excluded from this process, and what are the implications for city-level planning and governance? The researcher will investigate the post-11 September culture of security from two main standpoints: security planning at the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and urban planning in Lower Manhattan. Research at both the federal and city level will involve in-depth interviews with those bureaucrats responsible for the design and implementation of their respective plans. Interviews will address both individual and institutional perspectives on urban security planning. Qualitative data analysis will analyze the interaction between the federal security apparatus and city planning systems in a specific geographic setting.This study is a geographical, institutionally-based analysis of the post-11 September culture of security. It focuses on the Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI), which serves as DHS' main policy initiative for the protection of urban infrastructure and populations. Designed to defend cities against terrorism, the UASI relies partially on strategies and tactics developed by the Department of Defense for the protection of military installations. Within the urban social system, these plans now connect federal security initiatives with the everyday life of U.S. cities, raising serious questions about their impact within a non-military, civilian environment. In short, current approaches to defending cities must incorporate the expertise of academics and practitioners with expertise in urban planning, urban governance, and urban systems. These more inclusive analyses would enable today's terrorism-centric planning frameworks to be improved and extended based on the tenets of societal security. This study also provides an opportunity for a former Army Officer with expertise in military operations and homeland security planning to critically investigate the emerging gap between community development and urban security. In a larger sense, this is also a study of how state security sets the agenda for local-level practitioners and communities, how governance and planning become affected by federal security policy, and what lessons can be learned to foster a more equitable and sustainable framework for implementation in New York and other U.S. cities. Herein is the uniqueness and contribution of this study, as it will reveal key lessons learned that can assist with future community based efforts in cities where federal security strategies operate, as well as providing findings that will enhance current urban and social theory. The Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Award will also provide support to enable a promising student to continue public service through independent research.