Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic-SIMBA Drift Station

本项目是在国际极地年（2007-2008）的国际合作背景下，对阿蒙森海和别令斯豪森海海冰覆盖的演变和冰的质量平衡的研究。用最简单的术语来说，质量平衡就是给定地点在一年周期内发生的净冻结和净融化。如果冰是静止的，并且每年都完全融化，那么质量平衡将为零。虽然非零平衡在气候和环境变化问题上具有重要意义，但这一过程本身具有全球性后果，因为季节性冻融循环具有蒸馏地表水的作用。在冻结过程中，海盐被浓缩成盐水，从冰层中被排除到更深的冰层中，而在融化过程中，新释放的相对新鲜的水稳定了表层。观测计划将在“纳撒尼尔·b·帕尔默”号的漂流计划期间进行，并通过建立在海冰上的浮标网络进行为期一年的冰厚、温度剖面、大规模变形和其他特征的测量。该项目是“南极海冰计划”的一个组成部分，由国际极地冰年联合委员会批准。此外，将部署的浮标已被认可为国际极地年对世界气候研究计划/南极研究科学委员会（WCRP/SCAR）国际南极浮标计划（IPAB）的贡献。虽然在这一地区已经获得了先前的调查信息，但季节性和时间序列的海冰质量平衡测量是解释空气-冰-海洋相互作用机制的关键数据。该网络将由12个能够进行GPS定位的浮标组成。三个浮标将配备热敏绳和冰雪厚度测量仪，以及气压计。两个浮标将配备气象传感器，包括风速和风向、大气压力和入射辐射。另外七个浮标将仅具有GPS定位功能，并将部署在距中心地点约100公里的地方。这些外部浮标对于捕捉与卫星衍生冰运动产品相辅相成的高频运动至关重要。通过IPAB在国际上承诺提供更多的浮标，并将作为该计划的一部分部署在该地区。该项目将补充德国南极计划在威德尔海开展的类似项目，以及澳大利亚南极计划在东南极洲周围开展的类似项目。结合浮标和卫星的变形测量，以及质量平衡测量，将提供一个关于海冰热力学和动力学的综合年度数据集，用于与耦合和高分辨率海冰模型进行比较。

This project is a study of the evolution of the sea ice cover, and the mass balance of ice in the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea in the internationally collaborative context of the International Polar Year (2007-2008). In its simplest terms, the mass balance is the net freezing and melting that occurs over an annual cycle at a given location. If the ice were stationary and were completely to melt every year, the mass balance would be zero. While non-zero balances have significance in questions of climate and environmental change, the process itself has global consequences since the seasonal freeze-melt cycle has the effect of distilling the surface water. Oceanic salt is concentrated into brine and rejected from the ice into deeper layers in the freezing process, while during melt, the newly released and relatively fresh water stabilizes the surface layers. The observation program will be carried out during a drift program of the Nathaniel B. Palmer, and through a buoy network established on the sea ice that will make year-long measurements of ice thickness, and temperature profile, large-scale deformation, and other characteristics. The project is a component of the Antarctic Sea Ice Program, endorsed internationally by the Joint Committee for IPY. Additionally, the buoys to be deployed have been endorsed as an IPY contribution to the World Climate Research Program/Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (WCRP/SCAR) International Programme on Antarctic Buoys (IPAB). While prior survey information has been obtained in this region, seasonal and time-series measurements on sea ice mass balance are crucial data in interpreting the mechanisms of air-ice-ocean interaction. The network will consist of an array of twelve buoys capable of GPS positioning. Three buoys will be equipped with thermister strings and ice and snow thickness measurement gauges, as well as a barometer. Two buoys will be equipped with meteorological sensors including wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, and incoming radiation. Seven additional buoys will have GPS positioning only, and will be deployed approximately 100 km from the central site. These outer buoys will be critical in capturing high frequency motion complementary to satellite-derived ice motion products. Additional buoys have been committed internationally through IPAB and will be deployed in the region as part of this program. This project will complement similar projects to be carried out in the Weddell Sea by the German Antarctic Program, and around East Antarctica by the Australian Antarctic Program. The combined buoy and satellite deformation measurements, together with the mass balance measurements, will provide a comprehensive annual data set on sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics for comparison with both coupled and high-resolution sea ice models.