Race, Poverty, and Spatial Accessibility in New York City

主要调查人员：凯瑟琳·内克曼题目：纽约的种族、贫困和空间可及性社会科学家和城市规划者长期以来一直认为贫困社区的零售水平较低。然而，最近的一项全国性研究发现，高度贫困的社区实际上更容易获得基本商品和服务。研究人员假设，这种违反直觉的模式是城市发展历史模式的遗产，在这种模式下，低收入城市居民大多居住在更老、更密集的混合用途社区。如果是这样的话，由于士绅化或住房政策而导致的居住模式的变化可能会改变这些获得商店和服务的模式。研究人员将调查建筑环境在纽约市按种族和贫困划分的空间可达性模式中的作用。他们的研究结合了Dun&amp；BradStreet(D&A；B)数据库1992年和2001年的商业地点数据，以及美国人口普查局和地方政府的详细小面积测量数据。使用核密度方法，他们将描述可获得性方面的种族/民族和经济差异。市场因素、移民构成和建筑环境特征的影响将通过横断面空间回归进行评估。通过比较1992年和2001年零售密度的模式和决定因素，他们将显示种族/族裔和经济差异如何随着时间的推移而变化，并探讨士绅化和公共政策在资助住房和经济发展领域的作用。这项研究将为美国城市获得商品和服务的不同机会提供新的经验证据，扩大学术界对社区塑造机会的机制的理解。更广泛地说，该项目还将为关于种族/族裔和经济隔离的后果以及关于城市社会和经济进程的空间规模的社会学辩论提供信息。这项工作将产生更广泛的影响，展示各种政策，如分区、交通基础设施投资以及经济发展和住房政策，如何影响空间无障碍。这些结果将成为解决社区零售和消费服务差距以及改善城市居民生活机会的政策重点。

Primary Investigators: Kathryn NeckermanTitle: RACE, POVERTY, AND SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY IN NEW YORK CITY0720251ABSTRACTSocial scientists and urban planners have long assumed poor neighborhoods are "under-retailed." A recent national study, however, finds that high-poverty neighborhoods actually have higher access to basic goods and services. This counter-intuitive pattern, the investigators hypothesize, is a legacy of historical patterns of urban development, in which low-income city residents lived mostly in older, denser, mixed-use neighborhoods. If this is so, changes in residential patterns due to gentrification or housing policy could alter these patterns of access to stores and services. The researchers will investigate the role of the built environment in patterns of spatial accessibility by race and poverty in New York City. Their research combines data on business locations from the Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) database for 1992 and 2001 with detailed small-area measures from the US Census and local government. Using a kernel density approach, they will describe race/ethnic and economic differences in accessibility. The influence of market factors, immigrant composition, and built environment characteristics will be assessed through cross-sectional spatial regressions. By comparing patterns and determinants of retail density in 1992 and 2001, they will show how race/ethnic and economic differences in accessibility have changed over time and explore the role of gentrification and public policies in the area of assisted housing and economic development. The research will provide new empirical evidence about differential access to goods and services in American cities, expanding scholarly understanding of the mechanisms through which neighborhoods shape opportunity. More broadly, the project will also inform sociological debates about the consequences of race/ethnic and economic segregation, and about the spatial scale of urban social and economic processes. This work will have a broader impact by showing how a variety of policies, such as zoning, investments in transportation infrastructure, and economic development and housing policy, affect spatial accessibility. These results will inform policy priorities for addressing disparities in neighborhood access to retail and consumer services and improving the life chances of city residents.