US GLOBEC Pan-Regional Synthesis--Comparative Ecology of Krill in Coastal and Oceanic Waters around the Pacific Rim

该项目将通过建模和比较研究综合北太平洋磷虾的知识，横跨美国GLOBEC，日本GLOBEC，中国GLOBEC和相关研究区域，目的是了解气候对北太平洋磷虾的影响。该项目将涉及以下研究主题：1）确定控制种群动态和磷虾补充的过程作为生态系统类型的函数，并确定这些过程如何受到气候变化的影响，通过比较和对比一些不同生态系统的种群反应来实现; 2）确定磷虾种群在地方和区域尺度上对流域和全球尺度气候强迫变化的响应。智力优势：自1998年以来，由GLOBEC资助的磷虾研究以及美国和北太平洋沿岸其他国家（中国，韩国，日本，俄罗斯，加拿大）的生物海洋学家进行的其他研究已经产生了关于北太平洋磷虾的物候，季节性丰度周期，摄食，繁殖和生长率的新信息。这些知识将被总结成一系列多作者的综合论文，重点是磷虾的比较生活史，当地种群如何与当地海洋条件相互作用，以及气候如何影响这些过程。该项目将解决以下问题：1）磷虾种群的分布、丰度、生长率和产卵量的季节性变化是什么，以及它们在环太平洋地区的区域性变化是如何发生的？2)生长率和育雏大小与初级生产的季节性周期有关吗？3)东太平洋和西太平洋的人口如何对ENSO和PDO周期作出反应？4)同一物种（太平洋磷虾）的个体是如何适应在黄海、东海和日本/东海的非常温暖的水域中全年生存的;是什么机制使个体能够在北方地区度过漫长的冬季，例如，阿拉斯加湾、鄂霍次克海和北方加州海流5)物理运输和生命阶段相关的动力学之间的相互作用控制当地规模的磷虾分布和类似的相互作用在区域和流域尺度的重要性？将总结在美国GLOBEC研究区域（加州海流和阿拉斯加湾）内进行的所有磷虾研究，以及我们的海外合作者进行的研究。将制作元数据摘要。来自每个国家的磷虾专家将编写当地的“我们的磷虾知识状况”报告。利用这些报告，联合多人撰写的专题论文和磷虾生态学的合作论文将被写入。此外，还将召开两次关于磷虾生态的国际研讨会。更广泛的影响：该综合项目将支持一名研究生，并涉及中国和日本的三名年轻科学家。此外，日本和加拿大正在捕捞磷虾，很快就会有压力要求在其他地方捕捞。这一综合的结果将有助于评估太平洋沿岸的磷虾资源和沿海生态系统的脆弱性。这项研究的一个有形产品是一本关于北太平洋多个地区磷虾的种群生态学、生活史策略及其与环境的相互作用的专著。

This project will synthesize the knowledge of North Pacific krill through modeling and comparative studies, across U.S. GLOBEC, Japan-GLOBEC, China-GLOBEC and related study regions, with the goal of understanding climate impacts on euphausiids in the North Pacific. The project will address the following research themes: 1) Identify the processes controlling the population dynamics and recruitment of krill as a function of ecosystem type and ascertain how these processes would be affected by climate change, to be accomplished through comparing and contrasting population responses from a number of different ecosystems, and; 2) Determine the response of krill populations at local and regional scales to basin- and global-scale change in climate forcing. Intellectual Merit: Krill research funded by GLOBEC since 1998, and other research conducted by biological oceanographers in the U.S. and other nations bordering the North Pacific (China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Canada), have produced new information on the phenology, seasonal cycles of abundance, feeding, reproduction, and growth rates of North Pacific krill. This knowledge will be summarized into a series of multi-authored synthesis papers that focus on comparative life history of krill, how local populations interact with local ocean conditions, and how climate impacts these processes. This project will address questions such as: 1)What are the seasonal variations in distribution, abundance, growth rates and egg production in krill populations, and how do they vary regionally around the Pacific Rim? 2) Are growth rates and brood sizes related to seasonal cycles of primary production? 3) How do populations in the eastern and western Pacific respond to ENSO and PDO cycles? 4) How are individuals of the same species (Euphausia pacifica) adapted to survive year-around in the very warm water regions of the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and Japan/East Sea; what mechanisms enable individuals to survive the long winters in northern regions, e.g., the Gulf of Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk and northern California Current? 5) What interactions between physical transport and life-stage dependent dynamics control the local scale distributions of krill and are similar interactions important at regional and basin-scales? All krill research carried out within the U.S. GLOBEC study regions (California Current and Gulf of Alaska) will be summarized, as will research carried out by our overseas collaborators. Metadata summaries will be produced. Krill experts from each nation will produce local "State of our Krill Knowledge" reports. Using these reports, joint multi-authored monographs and collaborative papers on krill ecology will be written. Furthermore, two international symposia on krill ecology will be convened. Broader Impacts: This synthesis project will support one graduate student and involve three young scientists in China and Japan. Furthermore, krill are harvested in Japan and Canada, and pressure will soon mount to allow harvest elsewhere. Results of this synthesis will contribute to an assessment of krill resources and vulnerability in coastal ecosystems around the Pacific Rim. A tangible product of this research is a monograph of the population ecology, life history strategies, and interactions of krill with their environment in multiple regions of the North Pacific.