Division of Labor and Labor Relations in Public Service Work

30年来，市政府一直在重组其劳动力。越来越多的公共服务曾经由城市的普通雇员提供，现在通过与非营利和营利公司、志愿者和国民服务劳工签订合同，以及通过福利到工作计划来提供。在纽约市，所有这些类型的劳动力都与标准的公共就业相结合，以维护公园和公共区域，管理社会服务，并履行文书职责。本研究的重点是在纽约市的公园维护业务的正式和非正式工作的混合，并询问如何多样性的工作安排影响他们的管理，工作场所的关系，机构的劳动关系，和他们的工人的职业道路。本研究首先探讨了在公园工作的各种工人的实际工作，他们如何理解自己的工作，如何将其与其他人的工作进行比较，以及如何处理工作场所内同事和主管之间的关系。其次，研究询问了公园维护劳动力的组成如何以及为什么发生了变化，以及维护劳动力变化中的机构利益相关者是谁。第三，本研究调查了公园维护劳动力的变化如何影响低技能和半技能工人的职业生涯，流动性和劳动力发展。是否有潜在的劳动力发展效益-例如，是因为低技术和半技术工人的就业网络扩大了，培训机会增加了，还是因为外包、职业培训、福利到工作和志愿者计划扩大了，主要有缺点？每一组问题将涉及收集和分析数据的不同方法，包括民族志实地考察，广泛的访谈，以及文献和档案研究。研究的更广泛影响包括促进工作社会学家，城市社会学家和城市政策，政治科学和政治经济学学生之间的内部和跨学科对话。它将导致一本书和几个跨学科的学术文章。这个研究项目也是为了揭露师父？s级政策级学生和博士级学生进行多方法研究。由于这项研究将与一名法国研究人员合作进行，它将促进就与这项研究密切相关的问题进行国际对话，并可能开始对城市公共工程进行更大范围的比较。最后，研究结果将告知利益相关者从市政府，工会，社区组织和反贫困团体的相似性和不同的需求，不同的公共劳动力，并在管理它的挑战。

For thirty years, municipal governments have restructured their workforces. An increasing number of public services once performed by regular city employees are performed through contracting to nonprofit and for-profit firms, volunteer and national service labor, and through welfare-to-work programs. In New York City, all of these types of labor are used in combination with standard public employment to maintain parks and public areas, administer social services, and perform clerical duties. This study focuses on the mix of formal and informal work in maintenance operations in New York City's parks, and asks how the diversity of working arrangements affects their management, workplace relationships, institutional labor relations, and the career paths of their workers. The study probes first, what the various kinds of workers employed in the parks actually do, how they understand their work, compare it to others' work, and manage relations within the workplace among peers and supervisors. Second, the study asks how and why the composition of the parks maintenance workforce changed, and who the institutional stakeholders are in the changes in the maintenance workforce. Third, the study investigates how the changes in the parks maintenance workforce affect the careers, mobility and workforce development of low- and semi-skilled workers. Are there potential workforce development benefits-e.g., the broadening of job-finding networks or increased training opportunities-for low- and semi-skilled workers, or are there mainly drawbacks as contracting-out, job-training, welfare-to-work and volunteer programs expand? Each set of questions will involve different methods for gathering and analyzing data, including ethnographic fieldwork, extensive interviews, and documentary and archival research.The broader impacts of the research include fostering intra- and interdisciplinary dialogue among sociologists of work, urban sociologists, and students of urban policy, political science, and political economy. It will result in a book and several scholarly articles across several disciplines. The research project is also designed to expose master?s level policy students and doctoral-level students to multi-method research. Because the research will be carried out with the collaboration of a French researcher, it will both foster international dialogue on the issues germane to the study, and may begin the process of a larger comparison of urban public work. Finally, the study results will inform stakeholders from city government, labor unions, community organizations, and antipoverty groups about the similarities and differences in the needs of the diverse public workforce, and the challenges in managing it.