Engineering the Eternal City: Power, Knowledge, and Urbanization in Rome, 1557-1590

本项目由国家科学技术与社会计划资助。这是一项关于罗马工程和城市化的研究，主要集中在1557年至1590年期间，在此期间，罗马的物理城市被许多工程项目改造：拓宽和矫直街道，重建两条古老的渡槽，建造许多喷泉，在城市的关键地点竖立方尖碑，建造下水道，建造和翻新许多宫殿和教堂，以及为控制台伯河的洪水所做的重大努力。为了更好地反映教皇和教会的权力和权威，人们对这座城市进行了调查和翻新，罗马的地图和其他图像也随之激增。这个项目的重点时期远远早于专业工程的出现。工程师/建筑师、地方法官、博学的古物学家、红衣主教和其他人参与了讨论，并撰写了许多关于各种项目和工程问题解决方案的提案和小册子。由于城市由两个实体管理，教皇和社区政府，许多档案文件也存在关于他们的沟通和冲突的工程项目。30年的研究重点并不是狭隘的局部研究，而是对丰富的文献资料进行全面的档案调查。这使得研究工程的过程，各种讨论和解决方案，失败和成功，工作场所劳动力的使用，工程师的不同命运（从监禁到高荣誉），以及当时罗马工程与古物和人文主义学习的深刻关系成为可能。对文艺复兴后期罗马工程的深入研究对两个主要领域有普遍的兴趣。首先，它会引起工程历史学家的兴趣，也会引起那些关注城市化和实体城市及其基础设施与文化习俗和政治权力之间关系的人的兴趣。这些话题涉及早期现代历史学家和许多其他关注现代城市化和政治文化的人。其次，本研究关注知识文化及其对科学革命的影响。科学史家关注的一个重要问题是，在人类发展过程中，手工和技术实践与学术文化之间的关系。新的科学吗?强调实验、观察和经验价值。本研究调查了罗马工程项目中学者和实践者之间的众多关系。在伽利略之前的一代进行这样的研究将为正在进行的讨论提供一个新的有利位置。

This project is supported by the Science, Technology and Society program. It is a study of engineering and urbanization in Rome that focuses on the period 1557 to 1590 during which the physical city of Rome was transformed by numerous engineering projects: the widening and straightening of streets, the reconstruction of two ancient aqueducts, the construction of numerous fountains, the erection of obelisks at key points in the city, the construction of sewers, the building and renovation of numerous palaces and churches, and major efforts to control the flooding of the Tiber River. Maps and other images of Rome also proliferated as the city was surveyed and renovated to better reflect the power and authority of the papacy and the Church.The period of the focus of this project is well before the emergence of professional engineering. Engineer/architects, magistrates, learned antiquarians, cardinals, and others participated in discussions and wrote many proposals and tracts concerning various projects and solutions to engineering problems. Because the city was governed by two entities, the papacy and the communal government, much archival documentations also exists concerning their communication and conflicts over engineering projects. The 30 year focus does not signal a narrow local study, but rather enables a full archival investigation of the rich documentation available. This makes possible a study of the processes of engineering, its various discussions and solutions, failures as well as successes, the use of labor on work sites, the varied fates of engineers (ranging from imprisonment to high honors), and the deep relationships of engineering in Rome at this time with antiquarian and humanist learning.This in-depth study of Roman engineering in the late Renaissance has implications for two major areas of general interest. First, it will be of interest to historians of engineering as well as to those concerned with urbanization and the relationships of physical cities and their infrastructures to cultural mores and political power. These topics concern both early modern historians and many others focused on modern urbanization and political culture. Second, this study concerns the culture of knowledge and its implications for the Scientific Revolution. An important focus among historians of science has been the relationship of artisanal and technical practice to learned cultures in the development of the ?new sciences,? which emphasized experiment, observation, and empirical values. This study investigates the numerous relationships of learned men and practitioners within engineering projects in Rome. Such an investigation in the generation before Galileo will contribute a new vantage point to an ongoing discussion.