Doctoral Dissertation Research: Multicultural Citizenship and Indigneous Identity

该项目调查玻利维亚和危地马拉建立多元文化公民身份的土著运动战略。它比较了这些运动如何援引自己的身份来证明对土地、领土和政治自治的要求是合理的--这些权利对土著公民身份至关重要，一旦被授予，可能会极大地改变权力关系和国家权威的场所。玻利维亚的土著运动将其身份政治化，以证明对“领土”和“自治”的要求是合理的；相比之下，危地马拉的土著运动则要求重新分配土地，并将重点放在在社区政府内建立“地方权力”上。在这两个国家，土著人民在历史上都是被边缘化和被种族主义的多数，将他们纳入国家正式公民的挑战是巨大的。为什么玻利维亚和危地马拉土著运动以如此不同的方式应对这一挑战，我们如何解释他们不同的要求？我建议政治机会和机构与土著身份相互作用，以在玻利维亚和危地马拉的运动中产生不同的要求--以及不同的身份政治化。使用来自半结构化访谈、观察和文件的数据，我将通过每个国家主要土著社会运动组织的地方和国家一级的经验来重建需求产生的过程。这些发现将有助于社会运动和身份政治的理论，并将揭示导致在多种族和种族两极分化的民主国家以截然不同的方式重新配置公民身份的社会政治因素。此外，这项研究的结果将通过调查土著运动机构在影响多文化权利政策方面的作用而产生重要的实际影响，这些政策在国家和国际舞台上都有争论。

This project investigates indigenous movement strategies for constructing multicultural citizenship in Bolivia and Guatemala. It compares how the movements invoke their identity to justify demands for land, territory, and political autonomy -- rights that are crucial to indigenous citizenship and that, when granted, can dramatically alter power relations and the locus of state authority. Bolivia's indigenous movement politicizes its identity to justify demands for "territory" and "autonomy"; their Guatemalan counterparts, by contrast, demand land redistribution and focus on building "local power" within community government. In both countries, indigenous people are a historically marginalized and racialized majority, and the challenge of including them as full citizens of the state is tremendous. Why do the Bolivian and Guatemalan indigenous movements respond to this challenge in such different ways, and how can we explain their differing demands? I propose that political opportunities and institutions interact with indigenous identity to produce the different demands -- and different politicizations of identity -- in the Bolivian and Guatemalan movements. Using data from semi-structured interviews, observations, and documents, I will reconstruct the processes of demand-making through the local and national level experiences of major indigenous social movement organizations in each country. The findings will contribute to theory on social movements and identity politics, and will reveal the socio-political factors that lead to very different ways of reconfiguring citizenship in multi-ethnic and racially polarized democracies. Additionally, the results of the study will carry important practical implications by investigating indigenous movement agency in influencing multicultural rights policies, which are debated in both national and international arenas.