Addressing Ethics in the Natural Course of Research: A Joint Research Course for Philosophy of Science, Engineering, and Science Graduate Students

这一研究和教育相结合的项目由国家科学基金会的科学和工程伦理教育项目支持，为科学、工程和科学哲学研究生开发了一门研究生课程，让他们从事联合研究，并在研究中自然出现的伦理问题上解决这些问题。通过几次重复，然后进行评估和评估，整个学分、整个学期的课程将得到磨练，以使其成为适用于许多环境和形式的模型。随着复杂的、多学科的研究项目激增，观察家们认识到，科学哲学家、科学家和工程师未能与其他两个领域直接接触是一个不足。科学从根本上讲是社会性的，实验、理解、知识产品和过程是由特定社区建立的意义、规则和价值观使其成员之间的合作成为可能和成功的。科学界内部动态中的许多因素在与其他社区成员合作的情况下会出现问题。单是语言差异--撇开其他重大差异不谈--可能会导致误解，并太快地放弃对协作项目可能有价值的另一个学科的工作。对科学的详细研究显示了跨学科和多学科合作的价值。但成功的故事往往是偶然的，与每个社区成员的文化背景和社区自身的价值观背道而驰。随着新兴技术创造新的机会和带来新的危险，许多人承认，在这些新领域，对道德和社会责任的关注是至关重要的。作为回应，拟议的课程让研究生接触到科学、工程和科学哲学的观点，使每一个方面的社会和规范方面成为他们理解各自学科和研究机会的重要和有价值的部分。

This combined research and education project--supported by the Ethics Education in Science and Engineering program at NSF--develops a graduate course, for science, engineering and philosophy of science graduate students to engage in joint research and address ethical issues as they naturally arise in research. Through several repetitions followed by assessment and evaluation, the full credit, semester long course will be honed so that it can serve as a model adaptable in many settings and formats.As complex, multi-disciplinary research projects proliferate, observers recognize that the failure of philosophers of science, scientists, and engineers to engage directly with the other two areas is a deficiency. Science is radically social, and experimentation, understanding, knowledge products, and process are enabled by meanings, rules and values that are established by specific communities to make cooperation among its members possible and successful. Many of these elements in the internal dynamics of a scientific community become problematic when placed in a situation of cooperation with members of other communities. Language differences alone -- setting aside other significant differences -- can bring about misunderstanding and too quick dismissal of work in another discipline that might be valuable for collaborative projects. The detailed study of science has shown the value of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary cooperation. But the success stories are often accidental, against the grain of the enculturation of the members of each community and the community's own values. As emerging technologies create new opportunities and bring forth new hazards, many acknowledge that attention to ethics and social responsibility is essential in these new areas. To respond, the proposed course exposes graduate students to a view of science, engineering, and philosophy of science that makes the social and normative aspects of each an essential and valuable part of their understanding of their respective disciplines and research opportunities.