Federal Stimulus Funding for Research: An Assessment of Employment Responses

《美国复苏与再投资法案》（2009年）包括通过国家科学基金会、国家卫生研究院、能源部、教育部和其他联邦机构对许多科学和社会科学领域的研究提供大量直接和间接的支持。这种刺激的规模和计划中的资源快速注入以学术为基础的科学事业提供了一个独特的机会，可以了解科学研究的成果和与之相关的科学家就业如何对资助的巨大变化作出反应。刺激资金可能对大学招聘和人员配备产生重大影响，尽管这些影响的程度将取决于劳动力市场对科学和工程领域高技能工人的潜在供应弹性（S&amp；E）。在某种程度上，科学和工程领域博士水平的工人的国际供应远远大于国内供应，作为对经济刺激的回应，s&p就业增长的很大一部分可能来自外国博士。收集未来两年与刺激计划相关的资金分配数据，对于记录和评估研究资金对科学和工程劳动力市场就业结果的影响至关重要。这项工作跟踪补助金预算中记录的预计就业变化，以及通过机构层面数据提供的就业、工资水平和入学情况的实际变化。由于非公民博士可能是大学研究项目临时就业的重要来源，该项目记录了每年在大学和广泛领域层面发放的新H1-B签证。此外，由于科学和工程领域的研究经费通常包括研究生的支持，研究生入学与刺激资金分配之间的相互作用被测量和建模。本项目的实证分析考察了科研经费的突然大幅增加如何影响学术科技研究部门的就业、薪酬和研究生入学。更广泛的影响虽然人们经常认为联邦研发支出的社会回报相当高，但关于大学研究经费的变化如何影响毕业生的成就、科学家的就业和研究成果的实证评估却很少。该研究计划为科学和工程领域的研究经费与劳动力市场结果之间的联系提供了直接证据；此外，这种方法为研究研究经费与包括研究生教育在内的大学生产的其他方面之间的联系提供了一个窗口。在21世纪日益全球化的科学和工程劳动力市场的背景下测量这些参数，将为科学资助和就业的政策决策提供信息，并构建对政府资助大学研究的分配影响的理解。

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) includes substantial direct and indirect support for research in a number of scientific and social science fields through NSF, NIH, the Department of Energy, the Department of Education, and other federal agencies. The magnitude of this stimulus and the planned rapid infusion of resources into the academic-based scientific enterprise provide a unique opportunity to understand how the production of science research and the associated employment of scientists respond to large changes in funding. Stimulus funding may have a substantial impact on university hiring and staffing, though the magnitude of these impacts will depend on the underlying elasticity of supply in the labor market for high-skilled workers in science and engineering (S&E). To the extent that the international supply of doctorate-level workers in science and engineering is much greater than the domestic supply, a substantial share of the increase in S&E employment in response to the stimulus may come from foreign PhDs. Collection of data on stimulus-related funding allocations in the coming two-year period is critical to record and assess the impact of research funding on employment outcomes in science and engineering labor markets. This works tracks the projected employment changes as recorded in grant budgets as well as realized changes in employment, salary levels and enrollment available through institution-level data. As the pool of non-citizen PhDs may be an important source of temporary employment for university research projects, the project records the issuance of new H1-B visas by year at the level of the university and broad field. Further, as research funding in science and engineering fields often includes graduate student support, the interaction between graduate enrollment and the distribution of stimulus funding is measured and modelled. The empirical analysis of this project examines how a sudden and substantial increase in research funding affects employment, compensation and graduate enrollment in academic S&E research sectors. BROADER IMPACTSWhile it is often argued that the social return to federal R&D expenditures is quite high, empirical evaluations of how changes in funding of university research affect graduate attainment, the employment of scientists, and research output are rare. This research plan offers direct evidence on the link between research funding and labor market outcomes in science and engineering fields; in addition, this approach provides a window to study the link between research funding and other dimensions of university production including graduate education. Measuring these parameters in the setting of the increasingly globally integrated scientific and engineering labor markets of the 21st century will inform policy decisions on science funding and employment, framing the understanding of the distributional impacts of government funding of university-based research.