The Organization of Middle Sedentary Period Hohokam Ceramic Production in the Gila River Valley, Arizona

在国家科学基金会的支持下，SUNDAY Eiselt博士和Andrew Darling博士将在亚利桑那州中部凤凰城以南的吉拉河流域中段对Hohokam陶瓷生产进行为期三年的研究。在这座城市建立之前数百年，美洲原住民已经掌握了水管理的艺术，用数千英里的手工挖掘的运河灌溉沙漠。这些居民被考古学家称为Hohokam人，他们的后代是今天占领该地区的O‘odham(Pima)人。霍霍卡姆地区系统在公元1000年至1070年的中期定居时期达到顶峰，当时面积约为8万平方英尺。索诺兰沙漠绵延数公里。吉拉河中游的陶器专家为这个庞大的系统提供了数千艘船只，以换取周围群体的农产品。这种大规模的手工艺生产通常与复杂的社会、行会和大规模生产技术联系在一起。然而，霍霍坎人相对平等，既没有城市，也没有广泛的劳动分工，也没有明显的社会分层。那么，在没有更复杂的社会制度的情况下，霍霍卡姆在静止时期是如何组织生产以创造更大的规模经济的？目前这项研究的目标是检验与这个问题相关的两个相互竞争的假设。第一个建议是，多个社区独立行动，生产陶瓷。更多的社区被纳入这个体系，但陶器制造分散在多个村庄，直接向外部消费者交易他们的产品。第二种观点认为，陶瓷制造业高度集中在一个或几个由其他村庄提供原料的村庄。这两种假设可能解释了陶瓷产量高的原因，但后者意味着村际间的协调程度更高，以牺牲新兴的定居点等级制度为代价，创造更大的规模经济。将通过对原材料和陶瓷制品的地球化学和岩石学检查来检验相互竞争的假设，以确定霍霍卡姆是如何取得如此巨大的经济和生产成功的。这项研究的学术价值在于有机会探索像霍霍卡姆这样的中等社会的手工艺生产和经济集约化之间的关系。这项研究将提供关键信息，说明提高生产效率是否先于(而不是跟随)更复杂的政治发展。吉拉河印第安人社区保护区的工作将在他们的文化资源管理计划的监督下进行。吉拉河印第安人社区和南方卫理公会大学之间的合作扩大了代表不足的群体参与考古学的范围，同时加强了研究和教育的基础设施。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Sunday Eiselt and Dr. Andrew Darling will undertake a three year study of Hohokam ceramic production along the middle Gila River Valley just south of metropolitan Phoenix in central Arizona. Hundreds of years before the establishment of this city Native Americans had already mastered the art of water management, irrigating the desert with thousands of miles of hand-dug canals. These inhabitants are known by archaeologists as the Hohokam and their descendants are the O'odham (Pima) who occupy the region today. The Hohokam regional system reached its apogee during the middle Sedentary Period from A.D. 1000-1070 when it spanned some 80,000 sq. km of the Sonoran Desert. Pottery specialists along the middle Gila River supplied this large system with thousands of vessels in return for agricultural products from surrounding groups. Such large-scale craft production is typically associated with complex societies, with guilds and mass production techniques. Yet, the Hohokam were relatively egalitarian, with neither cities, nor an extensive division of labor, nor marked social stratification. How, then, in the absence of more complex social systems, was production among the Sedentary Period Hohokam organized to create greater economies of scale? The goal of the current study is to test two competing hypotheses related to this question. The first proposes that multiple communities acted independently to produce ceramics. More communities were brought into the system, but pottery manufacture was dispersed among multiple villages that traded their products directly to outside consumers. The second proposes that ceramic manufacturing was highly concentrated in one or a few villages that were supplied with raw materials by other villages. Both hypotheses may account for high levels of ceramic yield, but the latter implies a greater level of inter-village coordination to create greater economies of scale at the expense of emerging settlement hierarchies. The competing hypotheses will be tested through geochemical and petrographic examination of raw materials and ceramic artifacts in order to determine how the Hohokam achieved such great economic and production success. The intellectual merit of this research rests on the opportunity to explore the relationships of craft production and economic intensification in middle range societies like the Hohokam. The study will provide critical information on whether enhanced production efficiency precedes (rather than follows from) more complex political developments. Work will take place on the Gila River Indian Community Reservation under the oversight of their Cultural Resource Management Program. Collaboration between the Gila River Indian Community and Southern Methodist University broadens the participation of underrepresented groups in archaeology while enhancing the infrastructure for research and education.