Escaping Conquest: Human Biology, Ethnogenesis, and Indigenous Engagement with Colonialism in Eten, Peru

欧洲人与美洲的接触和征服引发了一场重大的生物和文化变革，不可磨灭地塑造了现代人类和社会。虽然南美洲是这种现象的中心，但它得到的科学研究最少。人类骨骼及其考古环境的生物考古研究现在准备通过将人类过去的生物、社会、经济和文化观点联系起来，促进我们对文化接触和征服的理解。研究人员正在完成对秘鲁兰巴耶克山谷（Lambayeque Valley）埃滕（Eten）殖民城镇遗址的挖掘和分析，为接触和征服问题提供独特的视角。人类骨骼遗骸、葬礼仪式和对殖民城镇本身的考古研究被用来检验两个假设。首先，当地穆奇克人的健康（以急性和慢性儿童压力、成人疾病和人口指标的骨骼形式衡量）在征服后长期被认为会下降，但在埃滕并没有受到影响。Eten周围资源丰富的微环境和强大的当地经济促进了更好的健康结果，因为稳定和充足的营养（从口腔健康研究、骨骼稳定同位素分析、牙齿微磨损、动物考古学和古植物学重建）。其次，土著穆奇克人的社会并没有崩溃，而是发生了转型，重塑了穆奇克人的文化和生物。埃滕的葬礼反映了西班牙和多克宗教在意识形态上的强大妥协，形成了混合仪式。与此同时，穆奇克人之间新的政治互动改变了他们的配偶交换网络和生物杂交（通过mtDNA和牙齿性状变异来测量）。该项目对秘鲁殖民时期的生活和死亡进行了全面和人性化的重建，以解决有关文化接触和殖民主义的全球问题。它促进基于问题和理论驱动的调查埋葬，他们的内容，和考古设置。它提供了用于遗址博物馆的数据，为现代穆奇克文化复兴做出了贡献，并对秘鲁公众和人类学兴趣产生了多重教育影响，因为我们对美洲原住民如何积极应对和适应欧洲人在西半球的征服发展了新的科学视角。

European contact and conquest in the Americas initiated a significant biological and cultural transformation that indelibly shaped modern peoples and societies. While South America was a center of this phenomenon, it has received the least scientific study. Bioarchaeological research of human skeletons and their archaeological settings is now poised to advance our understanding of culture contact and conquest by interlinking biological, social, economic, and cultural perspectives of the human past. The researchers are completing excavation and analyses of the ruins of the colonial town of Eten, Lambayeque Valley, Peru, to provide unique perspectives of the question of contact and conquest. Human skeletal remains, burial rituals, and the archaeological study of the colonial town itself are utilized in the test of two hypotheses. First, the health of the local Muchik people (measured by skeletal forms of acute and chronic childhood stress, adult disease, and demographic indicators), long presumed to decline following conquest, did not suffer at Eten. Resource-rich microenvironments around Eten and a strong local economy promoted better health outcomes due to stable and sufficient nutrition (reconstructed from studies of oral health, stable isotope analysis of bone, dental microwear, zooarchaeology, and paleobotany). Second, native Muchik society did not collapse, but transformed to reshape Muchik culture and biology. Burial in Eten reflects an ideologically powerful compromise between Spanish and Muchik religions, forming hybrid rituals. At the same time, new political interactions among the Muchik altered their mate exchange networks and biological hybridization (measured via mtDNA and dental trait variation). The project produces a holistic and humanized reconstruction life and death in colonial Peru to address global questions about culture contact and colonialism. It promotes problem-based and theoretically driven investigations of burials, their contents, and archaeological settings. It furnishes data to be used in a site museum, contributes to a modern Muchik cultural revitalization, and has multiple educational impacts spanning the Peruvian public and anthropological interests alike as we develop new scientific perspectives regarding how Native Americans actively responded and adapted to European conquest in the Western Hemisphere.