GSE/RES Going against the grain: Intuitive information processing,

智力优势：密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校（University of Missouri Columbia）提出，利用直觉判断过程的模型，提供一个通用模型，来理解为什么女性会追求与stem相关的职业，尽管有各种因素使这种追求变得困难。从这样一个概念开始，即这样的决定往往不是来自于赞成和反对的逻辑权衡，而是一个更直观的过程，主要是由正确的感觉驱动的，提议的努力将试图证明伴随成功经验的积极影响产生正确感觉的方式，特别是对于那些倾向于跟随直觉的女性。四个实验将检验性别差异对成功完成典型的男性（或女性）任务的反应。相关测量将包括任务持久性、对所给出反馈的意义的评估以及对stem相关领域的态度。这些研究将测试直觉信息处理的个体差异与积极影响相互作用的预测，以预测stem相关任务成功的反应，特别是女性。那些有可能坚持这样的任务或追求这样的职业的女性，是那些看重成功所产生的内在直觉的人，而不是那些说“不”的语境。最后一项研究将回顾大学一年级女生的高中经历，并试图通过负面氛围、直觉、成功经历和积极影响的相互作用来预测她们对专业和职业的偏好。未来的后续研究将随着时间的推移检验这些预测。这些提议的研究直接来自于一个研究项目，该项目关注的是直觉上的个体差异、对积极影响的认知影响的敏感性、心理事件的特权以及意义体验。这些研究将有助于了解人格的基本知识和行为预测，并有助于我们理解个体差异对情绪和认知过程之间关系的影响。此外，这项工作将把这些过程嵌入到更大的社会背景中，并提供关于个人如何选择与社会期望相反的方式，以及如何追求与社会期望相矛盾的生活目标的创新信息。更广泛的影响：这项工作的更大影响将在四个领域显现出来。首先，在教育方面，一组研究生和本科生研究人员（其中许多是女性）将积极参与研究过程，并参加会议旅行。其次，由于人格心理学本身仍然是男性主导的领域，该研究项目将为培养对该领域感兴趣的年轻女性学者提供机会。第三，该研究将提交给人格和社会心理学期刊，并更广泛地传播。第四，就社会影响而言，这些研究可能会对追求看似不太可能的目标的广泛个体产生影响，包括追求性别非典型职业的男性和未被充分代表的群体（少数民族，经济上处于不利地位的个体），尽管外部信息相反，但他们遵循自己的直觉来实现职业。

Intellectual Merit: The University of Missouri Columbia proposes to provide a general model for understanding why women pursue STEM-related careers, despite various factors that render such pursuit difficult, drawing on models of intuitive judgment processes. Beginning with the notion that such decisions often result not from a logical weighing of pros and cons but rather a more intuitive process that is driven primarily by the feeling of rightness, the proposed effort will seek to demonstrate the ways that the positive affect that accompanies success experiences engenders a feeling of rightness, especially for women who are prone to follow hunches. Four experiments will examine gender differences in responses to success at stereotypically masculine (or feminine) tasks. The dependent measures will include task persistence, evaluations of the meaningfulness of the feedback given, and attitudes toward STEM-relevant fields. These studies will test the prediction that individual differences in intuitive information processing interact with positive affect to predict responses to success in STEM-relevant tasks, especially for women. Women who are likely to persist at such tasks or pursue such careers are those who privilege the internal gut feelings that are engendered by success over the messages of a nay-saying context. A final study will examine retrospective accounts of high school experiences in first year college women and will seek to predict their preferences for majors and careers from the interaction of negative climate, intuition, success experiences and positive affect. A prospective follow-up will test these predictions over time. The proposed studies grow directly out of a research program focusing on individual differences in intuition, susceptibility to the cognitive effects of positive affect, the privileging of mental events, and the experience of meaning. These studies will contribute to basic knowledge of personality and the prediction of behavior and to our understanding of the influence of individual differences on the relationship between mood and cognitive processes. Further, this work will embed these processes in the larger social context and provide innovative information about the ways that individuals choose to go against the grain and pursue life goals that stand in contradiction to social expectations.Broader Impacts: The larger impacts of this work will be evident in four domains. First, educationally, a team of graduate and undergraduate researchers (many of whom are women) will be actively engaged in the research process and included in conference travel. Second, because personality psychology itself remains a male-dominated area, this program of research will provide an opportunity to foster young women scholars with interests in this domain. Third, the research will be submitted to journals in personality and social psychology as well as disseminated more broadly. Fourth, in terms of societal impact, these studies may have implications for a broad range of individuals who pursue apparently unlikely goals, including men who pursue gender-atypical careers and under-represented groups (minorities, economically disadvantaged individuals) who, despite external messages to the contrary, follow their gut feelings toward fulfilling careers.