Ocean Acidification - Category 1: Climatological Mean Distribution of pH in Surface Waters in the Unified pH Scale and Mean Rate of changes in Selected Areas

在该项目中，哥伦比亚大学Lamont-Doughnard地球观测站的研究人员将根据对表层沃茨中pCO 2、总碱度和总CO2离子浓度（DIC）的观测，获得单一统一尺度下的全球表层海洋pH值分布。 他们将利用自己三十年的pCO 2和DIC数据，这些数据基于大卫基林（以及ERL/NOAA的继任者彼得坦斯）的WMO二氧化碳测压标准，以及来自WOCE计划的校准良好的碱度数据（迪克森等人，2003年）和时间序列站，包括BATS，HOT和ESTOC。这些数据将有助于建立一个全球海洋pH值和碳酸盐浓度基线，该基线与大气和海洋CO2测量所共有的国际CO2标准牢固地联系在一起。将不同年份获得的pCO 2和DIC数据校正为2000年的参考年，并使用Lueker等人（2000）和Dickson（1990）的碳酸和硼酸解离常数计算总氢离子标度和碳酸根离子浓度的月平均pH的气候分布。这将作为描述未来海洋酸化特征的世界海洋基线分布。在北大西洋、北太平洋和南大洋的一些数据丰富的地区，将显示变化率。由于与直接pH值测量有关的校准问题，不可能绘制基于观测的全球海洋pH值分布图;目前的信息是基于海洋GCM研究，没有陆地相互作用。研究团队？然而，正在进行的碱度数据分析表明，其分布与孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海、阿拉斯加湾和白令海等陆地相互作用的广阔区域的开阔海洋不同。这表明模型结果因忽略河流和土地相互作用而存在偏差。我们提议的调查结果将用于验证全球海洋地球化学模式，并将有助于将全球海洋酸化研究置于更坚实的基础上。更广泛的影响：需要基线信息来准确描述全球环境变化的特征。本研究的目的是提供一个全球表层海洋基线的pH值和碳酸盐离子浓度在沃茨计算在一个统一的pH值规模使用广泛的pCO 2，碱度和DIC数据库获得了过去几十年。这应该作为一个参考水平，可以参照未来和过去的变化。

In this project, researchers at the Lamont-Dougherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University will obtain the global distribution of surface ocean pH in a single unified scale based on the observations for pCO2, total alkalinity and total CO2 ion concentration (DIC) in surface waters. They will utilize three decades of their own pCO2 and DIC data, which are based on David Keeling's (and successor Pieter Tans at ERL/NOAA) WMO manometric CO2 standard, and the well-calibrated alkalinity data from the WOCE program (Dickson et al., 2003) and the time-series stations including BATS, HOT and ESTOC. These data will allow establishment of a global ocean pH and carbonate concentration baseline anchored firmly to the international CO2 standards common to the atmospheric and oceanic CO2 measurements. The pCO2 and DIC data obtained in different years will be corrected to a reference year 2000, and a climatological distribution of monthly mean pH in the total hydrogen ion scale and carbonate ion concentrations will be computed using the dissociation constants for carbonic and boric acids of Lueker et al. (2000) and Dickson (1990). This will serve as a world ocean baseline distribution for the characterization of future ocean acidification. In some data-rich areas of the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean, the rate of change will be demonstrated. Because of calibration problems associated with direct pH measurements, an observation-based global ocean pH distribution map is not possible; presently the information is based on ocean GCM studies without land interactions. The research team?s ongoing analysis of the alkalinity data shows, however, that its distribution differs from the open oceans in the broad regions of land interactions such as in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. This suggests that the model results are biased by the omission of rivers and land interactions. The results of our proposed investigation will be used for the validation of global biogeochemical ocean models and will help to place the global ocean acidification study on a much firmer base. Broader Impacts: Baseline information is needed for accurate characterization of global environmental changes. The purpose of this study is to provide a global surface ocean baseline for pH and carbonate ion concentration in waters computed in a uniform pH scale using an extensive pCO2, alkalinity and DIC database obtained for past several decades. This should serve as a reference level, against which the future and past changes may be referenced.