CAMEO: Collaborative research -- Fish productivity and fishing impacts compared across a range of marine ecosystems

考虑到这些动态发生的大空间和时间尺度，理解控制海洋生态系统结构和生产力的复杂动态是具有挑战性的。一个新的全球数据库包括渔业资源评估、研究调查和生态系统模型，涵盖了13个大型海洋生态系统。利用这些，可以研究与渔业生态系统方法直接相关的主题：(1)生态系统中鱼类种群生产力的相互作用和对捕捞压力的反应；(2)如何在可持续产量和生态系统影响之间进行权衡最小化；(3)分析过度开发的海洋鱼类种群的重建率，以及不同种群差异表现的生物和管理驱动因素。每个主题都有一个中心假设：(1)捕鱼影响生态系统内生产力的分布，但不影响总量；(2)捕鱼死亡率之间存在不可减少的相互作用，因此尽量减少生产力较低的鱼类的耗竭总是涉及到较生产性鱼类潜在产量的损失；(3)被大量捕捞的鱼类表现出依赖性反应，重建速度比正常的补偿性种群模型所假定的要慢。调查人员将进行跨物种和生态系统的分析，以确定：根据捕获量、调查和种群评估数据确定的平均生态系统营养水平变化，以及捕获量的营养水平是否反映了生态系统的变化；物种间、营养水平和功能群间生产力的相关性拖网调查对社区结构的影响环境变化或渔业影响对生产力的推动程度；招聘和剩余生产的依赖；过度捕捞造成的产量损失程度；作为生态系统状况指标的渔获量和评估数据；不同物种、营养水平和功能群之间的历史捕捞压力相关性；通过空间管理、个人激励措施（如渔获份额）和捕鱼技术的变化可以减少捕捞压力相关性的程度；在过度开发的鱼群中重建鱼群比率；恢复的生物和管理驱动因素；以及管理层对库存过度开采的反应。这些分析解决了关于种群动态、生态系统结构和生产力、生态系统相互作用和人类反应的重要知识价值的基本问题。该项目的大部分内容涉及生态系统状况指数，并了解可持续产量与生态系统影响之间的权衡关系。这将产生广泛的影响，因为理解权衡是基于生态系统的管理中最重要的挑战，并将直接应用于制定渔业管理的生态系统方法。除了通过期刊文章进行宣传外，调查人员还计划在普通期刊上撰写一系列关于捕鱼对生态系统和种群影响的论文，并通过立法人员和媒体进行政策宣传。

Understanding the complex dynamics controlling marine ecosystem structure and productivity is challenging given the large spatial and temporal scales over which these dynamics occur. A new global database including fisheries stock assessments, research surveys, and ecosystem models has been assembled covering 13 Large Marine Ecosystems. Using these, it is possible to investigate themes directly related to the ecosystem approach to fisheries: (1 the interaction of productivity across fish stocks in ecosystems and the response to fishing pressure, (2 how the trade-off between sustainable yield and ecosystem impacts can be minimized, and (3 analysis of rebuilding rates in over-exploited marine fish stocks, and biological and management drivers of the differential performance of different stocks. There is a central hypothesis associated with each theme: (1 fishing affects the distribution of productivity within the ecosystem but not the total amount, (2 there are irreducible interactions in fishing mortality such that minimizing depletion of less productive stocks will always involve loss of potential yield of more productive stocks and (3 heavily exploited stocks show depensatory responses and rebuild more slowly than assumed in normal compensatory population models. The investigators will conduct analyses across species and ecosystems to determine: mean ecosystem trophic level changes according to catch, survey and stock assessment data and whether the trophic level of catch reflects changes in the ecosystem; correlations in productivity amongst species, trophic levels and functional groups; shifts in community structure from trawl surveys; the extent to which environmental changes or fishing impacts drive productivity; depensation in recruitment and surplus production; the extent of lost yield due to overfishing; catch and assessment data as metrics of ecosystem status; correlations in historical fishing pressure across species, trophic levels and functional groups; the extent to which correlations in fishing pressure can be reduced by spatial management, individual incentives such as catch shares, and changes in fishing technology; rebuilding rates in over-exploited stocks; biological and management drivers of recovery; and management responses to stock over-exploitation. These analyses address fundamental questions of significant intellectual merit about population dynamics, ecosystem structure and productivity, as well as ecosystem interaction and human response. Most of this project addresses indices of ecosystem status and understanding the trade-off between sustainable yield and ecosystem impacts. This will have broad impacts because understanding trade-offs is the most important challenge in ecosystem based management and will have direct application to formulation of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. In addition to outreach through journal articles, the investigators plan on writing a series of papers in general interest journals on the impacts of fishing on ecosystems and stocks, as well as ongoing policy outreach through legislative staff and media.