SCIART: Collaborative Research into Archaeological Ceramics - High-Resolution Studies of Attic Black & Red Ceramic Slips

非技术描述：阁楼陶器-公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪古希腊生产的标志性红色和黑色人物陶器-代表了古代陶瓷工艺的顶峰，被认为是第一批精密陶瓷技术之一。 然而，古代工匠生产这些非凡器皿的方法仍然没有完全了解。 盖蒂保护研究所、斯坦福大学/SLAC国家加速器设施和航空航天公司之间的一个新的合作项目将使用最先进的高分辨率分析技术，以前所未有的细节水平研究这些古代陶瓷的化学和物理构成。 研究结果预计将大大推进用于制作阿提卡陶器的材料和方法的知识，并为古代作坊的实践提供新的见解，从而影响包括材料科学，化学，考古学，艺术史和艺术保护在内的各种领域。 作为该资助的一部分，博士后研究人员将获得文化遗产，学术和工业实验室的独特综合经验，从而帮助培养下一代科学家在科学与艺术之间的界面进行研究。将制定综合推广方案，教育和宣传各级学生-以及公众-关于科学如何有助于我们理解西方人类历史上最重要的古代文明之一。技术参数：古代工匠用来制作被称为阁楼陶器的红色和黑色人物器皿的材料和方法正在由一个多学科小组进行研究，该小组由文化遗产，工业，以及学术研究科学家、艺术保护者和艺术史学家。 他们正在使用激光烧蚀电感耦合质谱的高分辨率技术测量包含陶瓷泥浆的铁矿物的成分，形态和化学状态分布（LA-ICP-MS），X射线吸收光谱（XAS，包括X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）和X射线吸收精细结构（EXAFS）），X射线衍射（XRD），透射电子显微镜（TEM）和能量色散X射线光谱（EDXS）。 将这些数据与风格分析相关联，研究小组正在评估古代工匠是否使用了故意设计的粘土成分和/或复杂的窑炉烧制方案。 作为这项工作的一部分，他们正在改进一种用于研究陶瓷材料的亚100 nm XANES显微镜技术，提供一种将化学特定信息与显微成像相结合的方法。 一旦成熟，这项技术将提供给所有用户的斯坦福大学同步辐射光源，从而加强研究的各种异质材料。

NON-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Attic pottery - the iconic red- and black-figure pottery produced in ancient Greece from the 6th to 4th centuries B.C. - represents the pinnacle of ancient ceramic craftsmanship and is considered one of the first precision ceramic technologies. However, the means by which ancient craftsmen produced these remarkable vessels is still not completely understood. A new collaborative project between the Getty Conservation Institute, Stanford University/SLAC National Accelerator Facility and The Aerospace Corporation will study the chemical and physical makeup of these ancient ceramics at an unprecedented level of detail using state-of-the art high-resolution analytical technologies. The results are expected to significantly advance the knowledge of the materials and methods used to create Attic pottery and to provide new insights into ancient workshop practices, thereby impacting a diverse range of fields including materials science, chemistry, archaeology, art history and art conservation. A post-doctoral researcher supported as part of this grant will receive a uniquely integrated experience in cultural heritage, academic, and industrial laboratories, thus helping train the next generation of scientists to conduct research at the interface between science and art. In addition, integrated outreach programs will be developed to educate and inform students at all levels - and the general public - regarding how science can contribute to our understanding of one of the most important ancient civilizations in Western human history.TECHNICAL DETAILS: The materials and methods used by ancient craftsmen to create the red- and black-figure vessels known as Attic pottery are being studied by a multidisciplinary team consisting of cultural heritage, industrial, and academic research scientists, art conservators and art historians. They are measuring the composition, morphology and chemical state distribution of iron minerals comprising the ceramic slips using the high-resolution techniques of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS, inclusive of x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Correlating the data with stylistic analyses, the team are evaluating whether ancient artisans employed deliberately engineered clay compositions and/or complex kiln firing regimens. As part of this effort, they are refining a sub-100 nm XANES microscopy technique for the study of ceramic materials, providing a means of coupling chemically-specific information with micro-imaging. Once mature, this technology will be available to all users of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, thus enhancing the studies of a wide variety of heterogeneous materials.