Individual Decisions and Emergent Aggregate Patterns: Kin Co-residence among Hadza Hunter-Gatherers

文化人类学的比较研究表明，婚姻、亲属制度和婚姻居住模式因生态条件而异。在这个项目中，斯坦福大学的詹姆斯·霍兰德·琼斯博士和布莱恩·伍德博士将调查导致坦桑尼亚北部哈扎狩猎采集者之间出现的亲属共同居住模式的个人和家庭层面的决定。哈扎人是进行这项研究的理想人群，因为他们的居住安排在个人、家庭和季节之间表现出高度的差异。作为东非最后一批狩猎采集者，他们也提供了一个难得的机会来研究觅食人口的人口统计和居住安排。这项工作将改善理论和方法基础，以了解个人决定如何通过人口级联，导致居住群体的总体模式。研究人员将通过研究哈扎人居住群体之间和内部的差异来检验关于居住群体形成的理论假设。他们的假设解决了人口、经济和生态因素如何通过时间和空间促进社会结构变化的问题。为了检验这些很大程度上具有适应性的假设，研究人员将开发严格的反事实人口零假设，并使用专门为本项目构建的人口微观模拟和基于主体的模型对这些假设进行检验。该项目还将与达累斯萨拉姆大学建立新的国际研究联盟，并通过讲习班和学生培训建立地方能力建设。在与坦桑尼亚同事合作下，为基础科学研究问题收集的人口资料也将提供给那些寻求改善哈扎人社区健康和福利的人。

Comparative work in cultural anthropology has shown that marriage, kinship systems, and marital residence patterns vary according to the ecological conditions. In this project, Dr. James Holland Jones and Dr. Brian Wood, both at Stanford University, will investigate the individual and family-level decisions that lead to emergent patterns of kin coresidence among Hadza hunter-gatherers of northern Tanzania. The Hadza are an ideal population with whom to perform this research, because they exhibit a high degree of variation in their residential arrangements, across individuals, families, and seasons. As the last group of hunter-gatherers in east Africa, they also provide a rare chance to examine the demography and residential arrangements of a foraging population. This work will improve the theoretical and methodological foundations for understanding how individual decisions, cascading through a population, lead to aggregate patterns in residential groups.The investigators will test theoretically grounded hypotheses about the formation of residential groups by examining variation between and within Hadza residential groups. Their hypotheses address questions of how demographic, economic, and ecological factors contribute to variation in social structure, through both time and space. To test these largely adaptive hypotheses, the investigators will develop rigorous counterfactual demographic null hypotheses and test these using both demographic microsimulation and agent-based models constructed specifically for this project. This project also will forge new international research alliances with the University of Dar Es Salaam, and local capacity building through workshops and student training. In cooperation with Tanzanian colleagues, the demographic information being collected for basic science research questions also will be made available to those seek to improve the health and welfare of the Hadza community.