DAT: From bench to biosphere: a critical analysis of effective deployment and commercialization of clean energy technology

加速清洁能源技术的发明和应用是国家的重要优先事项。对这些挑战的认识促使最近增加了清洁能源技术的专利申请和投资。然而，对于这些技术如何进入市场以及如何实施政策以提高其扩散和应用的速度，人们知之甚少。本研究发展并描述了五个指标之间的关系：未来专利引用（一种广泛使用但远非专利影响的“黄金”标准）；网络搜索点击率和这些点击率的内容分析；清洁能源科学家的专家评估；对清洁能源发明者的调查；还有案例研究。智力价值：该研究调查了五个关键问题：1。按领域（生物燃料、地热、水力、太阳能、风能）、组织（工业、政府实验室、大学、个人发明家）和地理（美国各州和国际）划分的清洁能源技术和发明来源的趋势是什么？2. 突破的来源是什么？它们是如何以及为什么在不同领域有所不同的？3. 清洁能源技术如何从实验室扩散到应用？瓶颈在哪里？如何打破它们？4. 政府资金是如何影响这些过程的？为什么资金在一个领域有效而在另一个领域无效？5. 为什么一些技术突破会在部署中失败？该研究开发了一个全面的数据集来解决这些问题。因此，它超越了历史上对案例研究的依赖，这些案例研究虽然提供了大量信息和丰富的描述性，但仍然难以概括和量化。它开发了关于科学、发明和部署过程的系统和完整的数据，以帮助告知最佳投资和投资组合管理的问题。更广泛的影响：长期以来，研究投资极大地促进了技术进步，最终提高了经济生产力和生活水平，这是一个公认的智慧。这项研究促进了公众对清洁能源的理解，并在此过程中为所有专利技术领域的研究人员计算、描述和发布了一种新的基于网络的测量方法。基于网络的衡量方法提供了一种自动化的、普遍计算的衡量方法，超越了当前专利引用作为专利质量指标的标准。

The acceleration of the invention and deployment of clean energy technologies is an important national priority. Awareness of these challenges has elicited a recent increase in patenting and investment in clean energy technologies. Yet, there is little understanding of how these technologies enter the market and how policies can be implemented that increase their rate of diffusion and application. This research develops and characterizes the relationships between five measures: future patent citations (a widely used though far from "golden" standard of patent impact); web search hits and content analyses of those hits; expert assessments from clean energy scientists; a survey of clean energy inventors; and case studies. Intellectual Merit: The research investigates five key questions: 1. What are the trends in clean energy technologies and sources of inventions by field (biofuels, geothermal, hydro, solar, wind) organization (industry, government lab, universities, individual inventor), and by geography (U.S. states and international). 2. What are the sources of breakthroughs? How and why do they differ by field? 3. How do clean energy technologies diffuse from lab to application? Where are the bottlenecks and what can be done to break them? 4. How does government funding influence these processes? Why is funding effective in one field and not another? 5. Why do some technical breakthroughs fail in deployment?The research develops a comprehensive dataset to address these questions. As such, it goes beyond the historical reliance on case studies, which while highly informative and richly descriptive, remain difficult to generalize and quantify. It develops a systematic and complete data on the science, invention, and deployment processes to help inform questions of optimal investment and portfolio management. Broader Impacts: It has long been received wisdom that investment in research greatly facilitates the technological progress that ultimately improves economic productivity and living standards. The research advances public understanding in the context of clean energy - and in the process, calculates, characterizes, and publishes a novel web-based measure for researchers in all fields of patented technology. The web-based measure provides an automated and universally calculated measure that goes beyond the current standard of patent citations as an indicator of patent quality.