Fourth International Workshop on Iron and Copper Homeostasis, Pucon, Chile, November 28 - December 3, 2011

1132351，加里克第四届铁和铜稳态国际研讨会(4IWICH)将于11月28日至12月3日在智利普隆举行。正如“第四届”所暗示的那样，这是一系列非常成功的系列赛中的最新一场，全部在智利举行。研讨会聚集了研究铁或铜代谢或两者兼而有之的研究人员。将前两个社区的精选成员聚集在一起有助于增加社区中欣赏、理解和积极调查这些研究领域之间重叠的成员。这种重叠以多种方式发生，有些是在IWICH上首次宣布/探索的。例如，演讲和讨论涵盖了二价金属转运体(DMT1，又名SLC11A2，Nramp2，DCT1)如何运输这两种金属，并考虑了亚铁或铁(答案为亚铁)离子是底物，或者类似地，铜或铜(答案仍有争议)离子被运输。另外，3IWICH是一位年轻的美国研究人员首次宣布缺铁大鼠门克斯铜ATPase(ATP7A)转录本升高的地方吗？肠道细胞在这两种金属之间建立了新的联系。铜在铜蓝蛋白和海星蛋白(多铜铁氧酶)活动中的参与也是国际生物化学大会上介绍和讨论的一个主题。这两种金属在神经退行性疾病中的作用越来越多地成为研讨会的特点，而其他新颖和已知的联系一直是头三次IWICH以及TEMA(人和动物的微量元素)13会议的主题，TEMA(人和动物的微量元素)13是在第三次研讨会之后举行的一次国际会议，基本上推迟了对第四次研讨会的需要。国际讲习班清楚地表明了举行这种会议的学术价值，出版了两期有关会议过程的特刊(《生物金属》和《生物研究》)也是如此。在正式和非正式的互动中，也发展了多种国际合作。参加这些会议之一是一个重要的刺激，吸引了许多年轻的研究人员，特别是来自智利，也来自亚洲、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、欧洲和美国的研究人员，致力于铁和铜的动态平衡研究。与之前的两次会议一样，第四次研讨会将在智利普隆的Gran酒店举行，该设施为残疾客人提供了全面的设施。东道国也有强烈的动机研究铜的毒性，因为安第斯山脉是智利的地质脊梁，不仅是智利的重要铜源，为智利提供了强大的经济基础，而且还导致几乎所有含有大量铜的淡水水源受到污染。智利需要知道这些风险敞口的长期影响。鉴于这个研讨会已经建立起来，符合强大的智力影响，促进国际合作，并对基础研究、医学研究和环境研究产生广泛影响等描述，人们可能会想，为什么需要NSF的支持。答案是，研讨会将独立吸引来自美国的一些高级调查人员，他们将使用自己的研究补助金或其他资源来支持他们的到来，但年轻的调查人员必须有差旅支持才能参加。第一届和第二届IWICH得到了美国各赠款机构的充分支持，但美国拒绝了对下一次会议的支持。组织者将有限的资源集中在将一些年轻的美国科学家带到智利，现在建议NSF在这一关键职能上提供帮助，让新的调查人员参与(其中一个人希望帮助领导)这一领域。还需要特别注意它如何与生物医学工程相适应。诸如供水中高水平铜的潜在影响、会议？S继续关注铁、铜和锰在神经退行性变中的作用等问题都在答案之列。通过干预涉及金属离子及其在线粒体中的作用进行预防和治疗，线粒体是细胞运动和功能的最大细胞能量供应者，是铁和铜代谢步骤的关键位置，直到最近才屈服于新的分子和基因组方法，将4IWICH置于连接基础、医学和环境科学的目标，如应用于金属离子动态平衡，从而适合神经工程和细胞生物力学的BME？S主题。

1132351, GarrickThe Fourth International Workshop on Iron and Copper Homeostasis (4IWICH) will be held in Pucón, Chile 28 November - 3 December. As "Fourth" implies, it is the latest in a highly successful series, all held in Chile. The workshop brings together researchers who study iron or copper metabolism or both. Bringing selected members of the first two communities together helps to increase membership in the community that appreciates, understands and actively investigates the overlap between these areas of research. This overlap occurs in multiple ways, some first announced / explored at an IWICH. For examples, presentations and discussions have covered how divalent metal transporter (DMT1, aka SLC11A2, Nramp2, DCT1) transports both metals and considered whether ferrous or ferric (answer ferrous) ions are the substrate or similarly whether cuprous or cupric (answer still debated) ions are transported. Also 3IWICH was where a young American investigator first announced that Menkes Copper Atpase (Atp7a) transcript was elevated in iron deficient rats? intestinal cells establishing a new link between the two metals. Participation of Cu in the activity of ceruloplasmin and hephaestin (multi-copper ferroxidases) also serves as a topic of presentations and discussions at IWICHs. Increasingly roles of the two metals in neurodegenerative disorders are features of the workshop while other links novel and known have been topics at each of the first three IWICHs as well as well as at TEMA (Trace Elements for Man and Animals) 13, an international meeting that intervened after the 3rd workshop and essentially served to postpone the need for the 4th workshop. The international workshops clearly demonstrate the intellectual merit of having such assemblies as does the publication of two special issues of journals (BioMetals and Biological Research) covering the proceedings. Multiple international collaborations have also developed from the formal and informal interactions. Attending one of these conferences has been an important stimulus that attracted multiple young investigators particularly from Chile but also from Asia, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Europe and the USA into research in iron and copper homeostasis. Like 2 of the meetings before it, the 4th workshop will be held at the Gran Hotel in Pucón, Chile, a facility that has full provisions for disabled guests. The host country also has a strong motive for research into copper toxicity because the Andes, the geological backbone of Chile, not only provide a strong economic basis for Chile by being a great source of copper, but also lead to contamination of nearly all fresh water sources with substantial levels of copper. Chile needs to know the long term effects of these exposures. Given that this workshop has already established itself to fit descriptives like strong intellectual impact, promoting international collaborations and having a broad impact on basic research, medical research and environmental studies, one may wonder why there is a need for NSF support. The answer is that the workshop will independently attract from the USA some senior investigators who will use their own research grants or other resources to support their coming, but younger investigators must have travel support in order to attend. The First and Second IWICHs had adequate support from various US grant agencies, but US support declined for the next meeting. The organizers focused their limited resources on bringing some young American scientists to Chile and propose now that the NSF help in this critical function of keeping the newer investigators involved in (and one hopes helping to lead) this field. Particular attention also needs to be paid to how it fits with Biomedical Engineering. Issues like the potential effects of high levels of Cu in the water supply, the meeting?s continuing focus on the roles of Fe, Cu and Mn in neurodegeneration are among the answers. Prevention and treatment through interventions involving metal ions as well as their roles in mitochondria, the suppliers of most cellular energy for cellular movements and function, as critical loci for steps in iron and copper metabolism that are only recently yielding to the new molecular and genomic approaches place 4IWICH on target for bridging basic, medical and environmental sciences as applied to metal ion homeostasis and thus as fitting BME?s themes of neural engineering and cellular biomechanics.