Technological and social developments in Neolithic and Chalcolithic Monjukli Depe (Turkmenistan) and its environs

2011年至2014年在Monjukli Depe进行的挖掘，为土库曼斯坦南部迄今鲜为人知的新石器时代早期（公元前5千年）提供了一幅复杂的画面。尤其值得注意的是保存完好的建筑，或多或少都是标准化的单间房屋和有结构的村庄布局。在被大火烧毁的新石器时代房屋（14号房屋）中，有一幅人物和抽象的壁画，这是一个轰动的发现。目前的申请是为了完成这个项目，我们的工作将继续两年。初步应用的三个目标- -分析从新石器时代的Jeitun到新石器时代的Anau IA文化的发展，新石器时代家庭之间的定居内差异，以及古代景观的重建及其利用- -将继续进行。我们的主要工作重点将是：(1)拆除和保护14号屋的壁画；(2)更好地了解新石器时代和新石器时代之间的连续性和中断。壁画将被专业地从其建筑背景中移除（在扶壁上），并保存在附近的实验室中，为长期展览做准备。从新石器时代到新石器时代的过渡将从两个方面进行分析。Çagylly Depe的地层分析应该能提供有关当地新石器时代晚期组合发展的证据。根据我们目前所知的情况，孟竹里遗址的新石器时代和新石器时代之间存在着很长的间隔。来自Çagylly Depe的一系列放射性碳年代应该有助于弥补Meana地区年代学上的这一差距。这种动态是复杂的，在生存和房屋建造方面具有结构连续性，但在陶瓷生产领域以及冶金和纺织制造的开始方面中断了。我们在六个不同的文化技术领域（烟火技术、减法技术、生存实践、纤维加工、食品加工和属于意识形态领域的实践）的变化和连续性方面研究了这些关系。就新石器时代而言，这是为了完善我们现有的知识；至于新石器时代，我们计划在蒙朱克利高地的北部边缘发掘更大的区域。最后，蒙朱力河周围的地区现在是一片干旱的草原。该项目的第三个组成部分是重建古代景观及其与生存实践的联系。计划中的地质考古实地工作已基本完成，而目前的申请要求支持对动物遗骸进行同位素分析。

The excavations at Monjukli Depe in 2011-2014 have yielded a complex picture of the hitherto poorly known early Aeneolithic (5th millennium BCE) in southern Turkmenistan. Especially noteworthy is the very well preserved architecture, with more or less standardized, one-room houses and a structured village layout. A sensational discovery is the figural and abstract wall painting in an Aeneolithic house (House14) that was destroyed by fire. The current application is for a two-year continuation of our work in order to complete the project. The three objectives of the initial application - the analysis of developments from the Neolithic Jeitun to the Aneolithic Anau IA culture, intra-settlement differences among households in the Aeneolithic, and the reconstruction of the ancient landscape as well as its use - will be pursued. The main focus of our work will be (1) the removal and conservation of the wall painting in House 14 and (2) a better understanding of the continuity and breaks between the Neolithic and Aeneolithic.The wall paintings will be professionally removed from their architectural context (on a buttress) and conserved in a nearby laboratory in preparation for long-term exhibition. The transition from the Neolithic to the Aeneolithic will be analyzed in two ways. A stratigraphic sondage in Çagylly Depe should yield evidence concerning the development of the local late Neolithic assemblages. According to the current state of our knowledge, there exists a long hiatus between the Neolithic and Aeneolithic at Monjukli Depe. A series of radiocarbon dates from Çagylly Depe should help to close this gap in the chronology of the Meana region. The dynamics are complex, with structural continuities in subsistence and house construction, but breaks in the realm of ceramic production and in terms of the onset of metallurgy and textile manufacture. We examine these relationships in terms of change and continuity in six different areas of cultural techniques (pyrotechnology, subtractive technologies, subsistence practices, fiber processing, food processing and practices that fall within the sphere of ideology). In the case of the Aeneolithic this is intended to round out our existing knowledge; for the Neolithic we plan to expose larger areas at the northern edge of the Monjukli Depe mound.Finally, the area around Monjukli Depe is today an arid steppe. The third component of the project is the reconstruction of the ancient landscape together with its connection to subsistence practices. The planned geoarchaeological fieldwork is largely complete, whereas support for an isotopic analysis of the faunal remains is requested in the present application.