Formal Responses to Increasing Diversity within Social Institutions

《社会机构内部日益增加的多样性的正式回应》，经济学家特里西亚·c·布鲁斯（Tricia C. Bruce）摘要：社会机构如何应对日益增加的多样性？本研究考察了亚文化在宗教机构的适应问题，通过深入的，在美国天主教会的非领土教区的国家看。数据来自：(1)一项关于教区存在和建立非领土或“个人”堂区的全国性调查，以及(2)对几个教区个人堂区的后续案例研究。在美国种族、政治和文化日益多样化的背景下，本研究引起了人们对美国最大的宗教教派如何培养和管理为亚文化群体服务的会众的关注。它描绘了一个重要的概念（“个人教区”），它对美国人如何在当地环境中建立和定义宗教有着越来越重要的影响。在种族、语言、仪式或其他原因的基础上，为天主教徒亚文化服务的个人教区的创建，揭示了宗教团体如何在一个日益受身份而非领土归属驱动的多元化宗教市场中行动。研究结果不仅对宗教团体试图从内部容纳多样性具有重要意义，而且对各种社会制度所揭示的美国生活的同质性和异质性也有更广泛的理解。更广泛的影响本项目带来了经验数据，以承担与面临亚文化多样化的所有社会机构相关的问题。它与社会机构在不断变化的地方环境中适应多样性和组织方式的相关性可以被学者和政策制定者利用。其更广泛的影响还包括：(1)在阿巴拉契亚地区非博士学位授予院校对本科生（包括多语言和第一代大学生）进行社会科学方法论的培训；(2)向对美国宗教和其他社会机构中亚文化多样性反应的理论和文化含义感兴趣的广大受众进行演讲；(3)向公众提供以前未收集到的、面向传统边缘化人群的教会信息。由此产生的个人教区档案数据库将有助于今后对美国宗教格局多样化的研究。

"Formal Responses to Increasing Diversity within Social Institutions"Tricia C. Bruce, PIABSTRACTHow do social institutions respond to increasing diversity? This research examines the question of the accommodation of subcultures in religious institutions via an in-depth, national look at non-territorial parishes in the U.S. Catholic Church. Data are drawn from: (1) a nationwide survey of dioceses regarding the presence and creation of non-territorial or "personal" parishes, and (2) follow-up case studies of personal parishes in several dioceses.In a context of increasing racial, political, and cultural diversification in the U.S., this study brings attention to how the largest U.S. religious denomination has fostered and managed congregations which serve sub-cultural groups. It maps an important concept (the "personal parish") which has growing and significant implication for how Americans build and define religion in local contexts. The creation of personal parishes to serve subcultures of Catholics on the basis of ethnicity, language, rite, or other reason reveals how religious groups act within a pluralistic religious marketplace driven increasingly by identity rather than territorial ascription. Findings carry significance not only for religious groups in their attempts to accommodate diversity from within but also for a broader understanding of homophily and heterogeneity in American life as revealed in a variety of social institutions.Broader ImpactsThis project brings empirical data to bear on questions relevant to all social institutions facing subcultural diversification. Its relevance to the ways social institutions accommodate diversity and organize amidst changing local contexts can be utilized by scholars and policy makers.Its broader impacts also include (1) training for undergraduate students at an Appalachian, non-PhD granting college (including multilingual and first-generation college students) in the methodology of the social sciences, (2) presentation to broad audiences interested in the theoretical and cultural implications of responses to subcultural diversity in American religion and other social institutions, and (3) public access to previously ungathered information on congregations geared toward traditionally marginalized populations. A resulting database of personal parish profiles will facilitate future studies of diversification in the American religious landscape.