Intradispute Bargaining: Collecting and Coding Individual Incidents in the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) Data, 1816-2001

政策制定者和学者都非常关心国家之间和领导人之间的强制性军事谈判，但没有大规模的数据资源来充分检验理论。本项目通过收集、编码和分析一个国家从1816年到2001年对另一个国家威胁、展示或使用军事力量的所有实例，解决了一个关键缺陷。目前，几乎所有数据都是对战斗人员相互作用的简要衡量。这些现有数据包括敌对行动的总体开始和结束日期，有多少军队死亡，以及冲突期间军事行动的最高级别。然而，我们不知道冲突期间发生了什么。没有关于军事化争端中冲突演变的数据，也没有关于死亡发生的确切时间，也没有关于每个战斗人员采取的个别行动的数据。该项目将创建新的、事件级别的数据，这些数据将与额外的变量相结合，测量行动是否得到了回报、每次事件的位置和平民死亡人数，从而产生长时间跨度的精确冲突数据。该项目的智力价值与它在冲突研究方面的理论见解的进步有关。关于国际争端的现有摘要数据只能间接地衡量这些冲突期间实际发生的情况，因此不是检验理论的适当样本。通过提高数据精度水平，该项目将使学者能够准确评估冲突中的威慑效果、冲突期间升级的可能性，以及与国家如何以及何时使用军事力量进行讨价还价有关的许多问题。这些数据可能会改变国际关系研究中实证检验的性质。更广泛的影响与该项目对政策制定者的重要性以及培训机会有关。导致国际冲突的原因当然是政策制定者和学者关注的中心问题，而这个项目将提供一个机会，以前所未有的精确水平研究冲突的原因，在如此长的时间内。因此，这项工作及其数据可能会对政策、学术和社会产生广泛影响。该项目还将众多本科生和研究生融入到发现和理解的过程中。在过去两年中，近30名本科生参与了与此项目有关的研究，这项资助将极大地促进他们的发展。这些学生开始考虑研究生教育和研究职业的比例比同龄人高得多，其中许多学生从参加学术会议中受益。这些本科生研究人员中的大多数来自传统上在政治科学领域代表性不足的群体，其中一些是第一代大学生，他们主要接触科学和发现将是这项研究。

Both policymakers and scholars care greatly about coercive military bargaining between states and between leaders, but no large-scale data resource exists to adequately test theories. This project addresses a critical shortcoming by collecting, coding, and analyzing all instances in which one state threatened, displayed, or used military force against another state, from 1816 to 2001. Currently, almost all data presents summary measures of combatant interactions. This existing data includes the overall start and end dates of hostilities, how many military troops died, and what the highest level of military action was during the conflict. However, we do not know what happened during the conflict. There is no data on the evolution of conflict within militarized disputes, when exactly fatalities occurred, or the individual actions that were taken by each combatant. The project will create new, incident-level data that will be combined with additional variables measuring whether actions were reciprocated, the location of each incident, and the number of civilian fatalities, generating precise conflict data over a long temporal span.The intellectual merit of the project is associated with its advancement of theoretical insights in the study of conflict. Existing summary data of international disputes provides only indirect measures of what actually happened during these conflicts and, hence, an inappropriate sample for tests of theories. By increasing the level of data precision, the project will allow scholars to accurately assess the effects of deterrence in conflict, the likelihood of escalation during conflict, and many of the questions related to how and when states use military force to bargain. The data are likely to change the nature of empirical testing in international relations studies. The broader impacts are connected to the project's importance for policymakers, as well as training opportunities. What causes international conflict is of course a central concern of policymakers and scholars, and this project would provide the opportunity to study the causes of conflict at a level of precision that has never before been realized over such a large time period. Thus, this work and the data from it are likely to have a broad impact on policy, scholarship, and society. The project also integrates numerous undergraduates and graduate students into the process of discovery and understanding. Almost 30 undergraduate students over the past two years have been involved in research related to this project, and the grant will accelerate their development tremendously. These students have started considering graduate education and research careers at a much higher rate than their peers, and many of these students have benefited from attending academic conferences. The majority of these undergraduate researchers have been from groups that are traditionally underrepresented in political science and several are first-generation college students whose primary exposure to science and discovery will be this research.