Dynamics of Orographic Rain Associated with Landfalling Hurricanes over the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains

研究的目的是：1)提高对阿巴拉契亚山脉和其他中尺度山脉上空热带气旋路径偏转的地形和环境影响动力学的认识；2)确定与中尺度山地上空TCs相关的地形降水的主要控制参数和湿润流态；3)了解与TCs相关的中尺度山区降水增强的微物理和动力过程的相互作用。为了实现上述目标，将使用国家大气研究中心（NCAR）开发的天气研究和预报模式研究版（WRF版本3）进行理想化和实际情况的数值模拟。知识价值：该研究将提高对阿巴拉契亚山脉和其他中尺度山脉的地形对TC路径偏转的影响动力学的基本认识，从而提高对降雨分布的预测。研究主要控制参数、湿润流态以及与中尺度山区tc相关的微物理和动力过程的相互作用，将有助于改进微物理和行星边界层参数化方案，从而有助于改进阿巴拉契亚山脉以及其他具有类似环境的山区的降水定量预报。所有这些研究工作都与美国天气研究计划的一项主要倡议相一致。更广泛的影响：对与热带气旋通过有关的强地形降水的基本了解，将有助于改善降水的定量预报和洪水的水文预报，从而促进对山区生命和财产的保护。该项目将教育和培训北卡罗来纳农工州立大学的两名研究生和两名本科生。这所大学的大多数学生都来自代表性不足的群体，而副校长是一名女科学家。参与该项目的学生和教师将通过各种科学项目为当地高中教师和学生提供信息。该项目的研究成果将用于开发一门新的研究生课程，以填补山地气象学和飓风动力学之间的空白。将尝试通过UCAR的COMET虚拟教育计划提供该课程，以使大量学生和科学家受到影响。现有的大学-政府和国际合作将得到加强，因为项目支持的学生将有机会与NCAR、NOAA、台湾和马达加斯加的大气科学家互动。

The objectives of the research are to: 1) improve the understanding of dynamics of orographic and environmental influences on tropical cyclone (TC) track deflection over the Appalachians and other mesoscale mountain ranges; 2) determine major control parameters and moist flow regimes for orographic precipitation associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains; and 3) understand the interaction of microphysical and dynamical processes in enhancing precipitation associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains. To accomplish the above objectives, both idealized and real-case numerical simulations using the research version of Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF version 3) developed at National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) will be performed.Intellectual Merit: The research will improve the fundamental understanding of the dynamics of orographic influences on TC track deflection over the Appalachians and other mesoscale mountain ranges, which, in turn, will improve the prediction of rainfall distribution. The studies of major control parameters, moist flow regimes, and interaction of microphysical and dynamical processes associated with TCs over mesoscale mountains will help improve the microphysics and planetary boundary-layer parameterization schemes, which, in turn, will help improve quantitative precipitation forecasts over the Appalachians as well as other mountains that share similar environments. All these research efforts are consistent with one of the major initiatives of the U.S. Weather Research Program.Broader Impacts: A fundamental understanding of heavy orographic precipitation associated with the passage of tropical cyclones should lead to improvements in the quantitative forecasts of precipitation and hydrological prediction of flooding and, thus, advance the protection of life and property in areas near mountains. The project will educate and train two graduate students and two undergraduate students at North Carolina A&T State University. Most of the students in the university come from underrepresented populations and the Co-PI is a female scientist. The students and faculty worked on the project will contribute information to local high-school teachers and students through various science programs. The research results derived from the project will be used to develop a new graduate course that fills the gap between mountain meteorology and hurricane dynamics. Offering of the course through UCAR's COMET virtual education program will be attempted to allow a large number of students and scientists to be impacted by it. Existing University-Government and international collaborations will be strengthened as students supported by the project will have opportunities to interact with atmospheric scientists in NCAR, NOAA, Taiwan, and Madagascar.