Collaborative Research: GOALI: Graphene THz/IR Optics: Fundamentals and Emerging Photonics Applications

非技术描述：石墨烯是一种由纯碳原子排列成单原子厚度蜂窝结构的石墨烯材料。它具有异常高的导电性，并已被研究作为新的电子设备的基础。石墨烯中电子的高速和快速响应也使这种材料成为控制太赫兹和红外线电磁辐射的有吸引力的候选者，其中电场振荡的时间尺度短于百万分之一秒的百万分之一。在这个项目中，两个学术机构和IBM研究部门的研究人员旨在从根本上了解石墨烯中的电子如何在很短的时间尺度上响应电场，并将这种理解应用于开发控制太赫兹和红外电磁辐射的新设备。这一光谱区域虽然对于环境监测等目的非常有用，但目前并没有受益于与较高或较低频率的电磁辐射可获得的技术相比的技术。该项目为研究生和本科生提供了一个综合的学术和工业研究环境的培训，使学生能够受益于这两种类型的机构提供的特殊专业知识。技术描述：该GOALI项目研究石墨烯和纳米结构石墨烯在电磁波谱的太赫兹和红外区域的光物质相互作用。本研究的目标是获得一个彻底的理解的电子响应的石墨烯在该地区的强自由载流子过程和泡利阻塞的带间跃迁。对石墨烯电磁响应的基本原理的这些研究得到了石墨烯用于不同光子器件（包括光调制器）的基本构建块的研究的补充。这些方法包括先进的光谱技术，用于表征石墨烯在太赫兹红外光谱区域的静态和动态响应，以及开发高质量的门控石墨烯样品和结构。在这个学术与产业相结合的团队中，海因茨教授领导了石墨烯材料和结构的傅里叶变换红外光谱测量，并负责光子学应用研究;单教授领导了太赫兹时域光谱测量，并负责石墨烯的基本光学响应研究; IBM研究院的工业参与者提供材料和制造能力和专业知识。

Non-technical Description: Graphene is an ultrathin material made of pure carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure of single atom thickness. It has unusually high electrical conductivity and has been investigated as the basis of new electronic devices. The high speed and fast response of the electrons in graphene also render this material an attractive candidate for controlling electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz and infrared, for which the electric field oscillates on a time scale shorter than a millionth of a millionth of a second. In this project, researchers at two academic institutions and the IBM Research Division aim to gain fundamental understanding into how electrons in graphene respond to electric fields on a very short time scale and to apply this understanding to develop new devices for controlling electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz and infrared. This spectral region, while very useful for purposes such as environmental monitoring, does not currently benefit from technologies comparable to those available for electromagnetic radiation at either higher or lower frequency. The project provides graduate and undergraduate students with training in an integrated academic-industrial research setting, allowing the students to benefit from the special expertise available in both types of institution.Technical Description: This GOALI project investigates light-matter interactions of graphene and nanostructured graphene in the terahertz and infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of this research is to obtain a thorough understanding of the electronic response of graphene in the region of strong free-carrier processes and Pauli blocking of the interband transitions. These investigations on the fundamentals of the graphene electromagnetic response are complemented by studies of the use of graphene for basic building blocks of different photonic devices, including light modulators. The approaches include advanced spectroscopy techniques for characterization of both the static and dynamic response of graphene in the terahertz-infrared spectral region and the development of high-quality gated graphene samples and structures. In this integrated academic-industrial team, Professor Heinz leads the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements of graphene materials and structures and also has responsibility for studies of photonics applications; Professor Shan leads the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements and has responsibility for studies of the fundamental optical response of graphene; the industrial participants at IBM Research provide materials and fabrication capabilities and expertise.